当复合句中的从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时，将从句转换成分词结构时可保留从句的主语，以区别于主句的主语。这种带有自己的逻辑主语的分词结构叫做分词的独立结构（absolute construction）。至于分词独立结构中的动词是用其现在分词-ing形式还是过去分词-ed形式，只需将分词独立结构转换为其深层结构——从句，分析从句中的主谓关系，我们就能得出动词分词的正确形式。
分词的独立结构大多情况下表示伴随的动作或状况、时间、方式、原因、条件等。
一、表示伴随的动作或状况：一般由“with（without）＋分词”构成。如：
1．Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once．鸟也能在两个脑半球同时休息时睡觉。
2．She walked with her head held high．她走路时头抬得高高的。
3．The soldiers went up the street with their bayonets FLASHing in the winter sunlight．战士们在街上行走，刺刀在冬天的阳光下闪闪发光。
二、表示时间。如：
1．The football match being over，the players shook hands with each other．足球比赛结束后，队员们相互握手。
2．This task being completed，he took up a new one．这项任务完成后，他又承担一项新的任务。
3．His paper work having been finished，he left the office．文书活干完后，他离开了办公室。
三、表示方式。如：
1．She stood at the end of the village， her eyes gazing steadily into the distance．她站在村尾，眼睛直视前方。
2．She is staring straight ahead，her muscles contracting slightly．她眼盯着前方看，脸上的肌肉在微微颤抖。
四、表示原因。如：
1．There being a political report in the afternoon，we shall put off our class．因为下午有政治报告，我们将取消上课。
2．Her mother having fallen ill，the girl had to do the housework by herself．母亲生病了，这女孩得自己做家务。
3．The weather being fine，we visited the factory．因为天气好，我们去参观了工厂。
五、表示条件。如：
1．Weather permitting，we shall have an outing tomorrow．如果天气好的话，明天我们去郊游。
2．All things considered，this novel is the best of its kind．如果考虑所有因素的话，这部小说是该类中最好的。
3．Time permitting，I'm determined to learn more．如果时间许可的话，我决定去深造学习。
值得一提的是，在分词的独立主格结构中，being ＋ adj．（adv．）结构中的分词being可省略。如：
The lecture（being）over，we left the hall．
巩固练习
一、从A）、B）、C）、D）中选出一个正确的答案
1．This _______ ，you can have a three day's leave．
A）to be done B）is done
C）done D）has been done
2．The 5th inter-Korean ministerial meeting opened yesterday，with the two sides _______ ideas on the issues on the meeting agenda．
A）exchange B）have exchanged
C）are exchanging D）exchanging
3．With a huge national flag _______ above their heads，a group of students from Beijing Science and Technology University rushed back and forth along the road，shouting，“win，win！”
A）be held B）is held
C）is holding D）held
4．He sat beneath the tree，his elbow _______ on his knee．
A）rest B）was resting
C）resting D）rested
5．His voice _______，he said he was too upset to say any more．
A）shake B）be shaking
C）was shaking D）shaking
6．With the river _______ at a record—high of over 26 metres，the more came amid no sign of lit-up in the torrential rains．
A）run B）is running
C）running D）ran
7．After the Arab states won independence， GREat emphasis was laid on expanding education，with girls and boys _______ to go to school．
A）to be encouraged
B）been encouraged
C）being encouraged
D）be encouraged
8．The sale usually take place outside the house，with the audience _______ on benches，chairs or boxes．
A）having seated B）are seated
C）seated D）having been seated
9．_______，a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more
rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor．
A）Other things being equal
B）Were other things equal
C）To be equal to other things
D）Other things to be equal
10．China earns a thin profit from the processing trade，with a big part of the profits _______ being taken by overseas companies that put the bank marks on the final products．
A）generate B）generating
C）are generated D）generated
二、用所给动词的正确分词形式填空
1．No decision _______ ，they resolved to call another meeting．（arrive at）
2．With time _______，I've discovered that it's not so miserable living here．（go by）
3．Iceland lies for north in the Atlantic， with its northernmost tip actually _______ the Artic Circle．（touch）
4．The waves _______ violently against the shore，people couldn't hear them
crying for help．（beat）
5．His duty _______，Henry felt a GREat weight taken off his mind．（fulfill）
6．_______ nothing more to discuss，the secretary-general got to his feet，said goodbye and left the room．（there be）
7．The smoke _______ out of the building， my first thought was call the fire department．（come）
8．The key to the door _______，I had to climb into the room through the window． （lose）
9．The matter _______ so amicably，I felt quite satisfied with the result．（settle）
10．No light _______ in the house for the past two evenings，one of the neighbors broke in and found the old lady dead in her chair．（be visible）
（答案：一：1．C）2．D）3．D）4．C）5．D）6．C）7．C）8．C）9．A）10．D）二： 1．having arrived at 2．going by 3．touching 4．beating 5．fulfilled 6．There being 7．coming 8．having been lost 9．having been settled 10．having been visible）
