在英语中,有时某些实意动词可兼作系动词,在句中具有既表行为又表状态的双重作用。这种有双重作用的谓语我们称之为双重谓语(Double Predicate)。由于这种双重谓语有其自身的特点,与系表谓语又有所区别,学习时应特别注意。
一、双重谓语的形式与特点:
双重谓语的基本形式是:行为动词+表语(说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态),用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词。如:return,leave, go,come,arrive,start等。其具体的结构形式主要有以下几种:
1.动词+形容词
(1)He left this morning very gay.(=He was very gay when he left this morning.)上午离开时,他很开心。
(2)She lay there motionless.(=She was motionless when she lay there.)她躺在那儿一动不动。
(3)She GREw up quite fastidious about her clothing.(=She was quite fastidious about her clothing when she grew up.)长大后她对衣着非常挑剔。
2.动词+名词
(1)She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.(=She was a shy girl when she left and a young mother when she returned.)她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩,回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。
(2)He lived a hero and died a martyr.(=He was a hero when he lived and a martyr when he died.)他生前是英雄,死后为烈士。
3.动词+介词短语
(1)He died in despair.(=He was in despair when he died.)他死时非常绝望。
(2)He left in tears.(=He was in tears when he left.)他离开时眼含泪水。
(3)He ran into the room out of breath.(=He was out of breath when he ran into the room.)他冲进房间时已是上气不接下气。
4.动词+分词(短语)
(1)They lay there chatting.(=They were chatting when they lay there.)他们躺在那里聊天。
(2)He wandered wondering.(=He was wondering when he wandered.)漫步时,他在冥思。
(3)He came home exhausted.(=He was exhausted when he came home.)他回家时已是筋疲力尽。
5.动词+what从句
(1)He returned home what he had always been.(= He was what he had always been when he returned home.)回家时,他还是老样子。
双重谓语结构很少有否定形式,但偶尔也出现否定形式。这时,要特别注意否定的形式在前,意义在后,即否定后移现象。如:
(1)She didn't arrive accompanied by her daughter.(=She was not accompanied by her daughter when she arrived.)她抵达时不是由她的女儿陪同。
(2)He didn't pass noticed.(=When he passed he was not noticed.)他路过时没人注意。
二、双重谓语与系表谓语的区别:
双重谓语与系表谓语就形式看,有时非常相似,但其意义和用法是不同的。学习时,切不可混淆。为便于区别,笔者从以下几个方面加以简析和说明。
1.通过去掉其表语来判断是双重谓语还是系表谓语。因为,如果把双重谓语中的表语去掉,该动词仍然保留其原意;但如果把系表谓语中的表语去掉,该动词的意义就会有所变化。
试比较:
(1)He stood there silent.他静静地站在那儿。
(2)He stood firm.他立场坚定。
如将例(1)中的表语silent去掉,变成He stood
there.,很显然句中的谓语动词stood仍然保留其原意,故该句中的谓语结构为双重谓语;如将例(2)中的firm去掉,变成He stood.,显然句中谓语动词的意义与原句不同,故该句中的谓语属系表谓语。
2.通过变更谓语动词来判断是双重谓语还是系表谓语。因为,在系表谓语中,如果将其动词换成另一个动词,句子的意思不会受太大影响;而在双重谓语中,如果将动词换成另一个动词,句子的意思就会有所不同。
如将句子“He got angry.”中的动词got换成went, GREw,turned或became,该句子的意思没有太大变化,故该句的谓语属系表谓语。
又如将句子“He went away disheartened.”中的动词改成came back时,显然该句的意思发生了变化,故该句的谓语属双重谓语。
3.就其结构看,双重谓语动词后常常出现一些用来表示地点或方向的小品副词。如:about,back,up, down,away,here或there等;而系表谓语动词后一般没有这类副词。如:
(1)He came back tired.(双重谓语)
(2)The screw came loose.(系表谓语)
(3)He GREw up curious about everything.(双重谓语)
(4)The situation GREw worse and worse.(系表谓语)
4.系表谓语可用于表让步或原因的倒装结构中,而双重谓语则不能。
我们可以说:Angry as he was,I persuaded him to remain silent.
但不能说:Angry as he came,I persuaded him to re- main silent.
而只能说:Although he came angry,I persuaded him to remain silent.
或者说:Angry as he was when he came,I persuaded him to remain silent.
5.含系表谓语的句子可有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和感叹句形式,而含双重谓语的句子只有一般疑问句形式。如:
我们可以将含有系表谓语的句子“He turned poor.”变成:
(1)一般疑问句:Did he turn poor?
(2)特殊疑问句:What/How did he turn?
(3)感叹句:How poor he turned!
但是,像“He died poor.”这样含双重谓语的句子就只能有一般疑问句的形式,即:
Did he die poor?
如要表达特殊疑问和感叹的意思也只能通过以下方式来表达。如:
What was he like when he died?
How poor he was when he died!
6.双重谓语动词除了live和die外,一般不能接表永久性状态或性格的表语。
我们可以说:He was kind.,但不能说:He went away kind.。