1排除法
做选择填空题时,根据语法、语境、题意等因素,优先排除干扰较明显的选择项,就可缩小正确答案存在的范围。例:
I gave the papers to every one of the class,except,of course,the who had already come to the office to collect ____ .
A.those;them B.those;it C.ones;them D.ones;it (NEPCS1999)
此题四个选项中,A、B两项前半部分相同,C、D两项前半部分相同。根据those前不能用定冠词,可以排除A、B两项。答案就在C、D之中。再根据前文的papers,就可以轻而易举地选准答案C。them指代papers。
2暗示法
这是一种比较常见的方法。只要你在题干中找出某一语法结构、句型、固定搭配或惯用语的暗示线索,然后借助暗示顺藤摸瓜,就能找到相应的搭配,这种方法可以减少选题的盲目性,提高准确率。例如:
____ and the problem would be straightened out.
A.A bit more effort B.Having a little effort
C.If you have a bit more effort D.There being a little effort (NEPCS1999)
解答此题可以从分析句子结构入手,句中的“and”是一个关键词,就是一个暗示线索,说明该题是一个并列句。B、D项是分词短语,不符合句子结构:C项是条件状语从句,也不符合句子结构,只有A项是正确答案。此题的句子是一个句型:祈使句+and+陈述句,祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句。此题中的A项可以看作是省略了谓语动词的祈使句。
3复原法
有的题目以较复杂的形式出现,就会增加一定的难度,乍看起来无法判断,其实把它变成相应熟悉的形式,则结构清晰可见。比如把疑问句变成陈述句,在作定语的分词前添加一个引导词和助动词等,就可以使模糊、抽象的问题,变得明朗、具体。例如:
—Why did Mr.Smith sell his house?
—It was only ____ it was small ____ he sold it.
A.when;so B.that;for C.because;that D.for;and(NEPCS1999)
此题乍看起来很难,结构复杂,如果用复原法,此题就一目了然了。这是一个对话,问者是用“why”来提问,答者就得用because来回答。答语是一个强调原因状语的强调句,还原为非强调句应是:He sold it because it was small.答案是C。
4注意英汉两种文化习惯表达的差异
英汉语言代表两种不同文化,其习惯表达必然有别,有些习惯表达差异悬殊。对于考生来说,汉语的表达方式可以说已在他们的头脑中根深蒂固,形成了思维定势,讲话时不需任何思考就能脱口而出,且能表达准确,语句规范。当他们学习与汉语截然不同的英语时,自然会受到汉语习惯表达的干扰,尤其是两种语言习惯表达正好迥然相异时,出差错的可能性极大。要想有效地克服汉语的干扰,尽量使汉语学习的能力发生正迁移,从而尽可能地提高英语学习的效率,学习与测试当中就特别要注意英汉习惯表达的差异之处。 NEPCS试题设计者也常常在此方面设题。例如:
—Tricia was in such a hurry?
—I don't know.She might have been running to catch the bus.
A.Why do you think B.Why you think
C.Do you think why D.Why not think(NEPCS1999)
此题误选的有B和C,主要是受汉语思维影响。此题的第一句是疑问句,而B项的语序不是疑问句语序,所以不对。此题实质上考查的是一种特殊形式的疑问句———双重疑问句。双重疑问句按结构和内容可分为两种:一般疑问句型双重问句和特殊问句型双重问句,前者的主句结构属一般疑问句,主句的谓语动词常是tell,know, realize等动词,宾语是由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句充当的。如:Do you know what Jack lost yesterday?后者常用来征询对某一问题的看法、认识、推测、判断、希望等,其谓语动词常用think,believe,hope, suppose,guess,say等。这种双重问句的主句属于特殊疑问句型,宾语也是由宾语从句充当的,但它没有引导词,前面主句的特殊疑问词在逻辑上应是宾语从句的一部分。如:Why do you think he is upset?使用这两种双重问句主要看主句的谓语动词。如:Do you knowwhy...?是正确的,Do you think why...?就是错误的。所以,要熟练掌握英语句型和相关的英语知识。此题选A。
5重视固定搭配
任何一种语言都有大量的固定搭配词组,英语也不例外。那些约定俗成的词组,不可随便更换,否则就会不伦不类,令人费解。因此,我们必须对其高度重视,认真对待。实质上,这类题属于对识记能力的考查,因为固定的搭配必定产生固定的意思,一旦记住了它的搭配和意思,解题就不会困难。但同时又要注意试题设计者利用固定搭配所形成的思维定势,所以,还要重视理解语境。例如:
I'm not ____ my best tonight.I'd better not have anything for supper.Perhaps you'd ____ me some tea?(NEPCS1999)
A.trying;give B.doing;offer C.making;bring D.feeling;make
我们常说do one's best或try one's best,所以很容易误选B或A,正好中了试题设计者的圈套。继续看题干,“I'd better not have any- thing for supper.”说明“我”感觉不舒服,所以第一个空只有填feeling才能与下文内容符合。make tea是固定搭配,意为“泡茶,沏茶”。
[试题解析]
[例1]When I got to the cinema,the film ____ for half an hour.(NEPCS1999)
A.was already begun B.had already begun
C.has been on D.had been on
要正确选出本题答案,必须了解延续性动词和非延续性动词(终止动词)。表示动作能持续一段时间的动词叫延续性动词;表示动作一开始就结束、动作不能持续的动词叫终止性动词。中学常见的终止性动词有:receive,put,bring,take,find,lose,close,finish,bor- row,return,give,buy,sell,die,kill,see,hear,meet,recognize,go,come, become,get,join,leave,arrive,reach,begin,start,open...(1)由于终止性动词可以用来表示某一动作的完成,且现在完成时是表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,因此终止性动词可以用于现在完成时中。例如:His friend has joined the army.(2)现在完成时的又一用法是表示过去已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态,这往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。由于终止性动词不能持续,所以不能和表示延续一段时间的状语连用,如for短语和since短语或从句;也不能用在how long引起的疑问句中。例:How long has Tom's father died?He has bought the book for three years.(3)但若将句子改为否定后则可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,此时,终止性动词已转化为持续的否定状态。例如:I haven't seen my uncle for a long time.(4)当碰到终止性动词与表示一段时间的状语相矛盾时,用以下方面予以纠正:
1)用相应的延续性动词来代替。
误:M y father has left since 1986.
正:M y father has been away since 1986.
2)用副词ago把句子改为一般过去时。
误:He has lost his dictionary for three months.
正:He lost his dictionary three months ago.
3)用It is(或has been,但多用is)...since...句型。
误:She has joined the League for eight years.
正:It is(has been)eight years since she joined the League.
误:It was eight years since she had joined the League.
正:It was eight years ago that she joined the League.
正:Eight years has passed since she joined the army.
4)用系表结构来纠正。
误:The old woman has died for nine years.
正:The old woman has been dead for nine years.此题答案是D。
[例2]I can't understand ____ at a person in trouble.(NEPCS 1998)
A.for you to laugh B.you laughing
C.you laughed D.why laughing
understand作“理解”讲时,后面可接动名词的复合结构;作“闻悉,推断,相信”讲时,后面可接不定式的复合结构。例如:I can't un- derstand him(或his)leaving so suddenly.我不能理解他的突然离去。 I understood him to say that he was too busy to come.我相信(断定)他说他太忙,不能来。此题答案是B。
[例3]Where ____ dirt,there are flies.(NEPCS1997)
A.there has B.is C.there is D.there are
在there be结构和倒装结构的句子中谓语的数取决于后面的主语。(there be结构有时取决于后面第一主语的数。)dirt为不可数名词,故C为正确答案。