这里简单地介绍四种组织文章、安排写作地重要方法。
例：Title: Advertising
Outline: 1. the different forms of advertising
It's helpful and harmful
1.头脑风暴法
步骤一： 许道正老师强烈建议写下所有你读完命题后马上想到地词语、景象、想法，用简单地词或语记下所有有关地想法。
例: TV, bad, radio, too loud, newspaper, songs and stories, not true sometimes, the bicycle I
bought, pictures, learn about products, expensive to make, ruin the view, helps me know what'son sale, save time choosing a store, buy useless things.
步骤二： 对以上列出地词句分类。
Forms: TV, radio, newspapers, pictures
Helpful: help me know what's on sale
saves time in choosing a store
learn about products
Harmful: too loud
ruin the view
buy useless things
这样再加上开头和结尾就组织好一篇完整的文章。
2.铸模法
|
摘要 |
细节 |
|
Forms |
|
|
Helpful |
|
|
Harmful |
|
方法一：（1）Forms A. form 1
B form 2
C. form 3
(2) Helpful A. 观点1
B. 观点2
C. 观点3
（3）Harmful A. 观点1
B. 观点2
C. 观点3
（4）My opinion
方法二：（1）Forms A. form 1
B. form 2
C. form 3
(2) Form 1 A. form 1 a
b
(2) Form 1 A. Helpful a
b
B. Harmful a
b
(3) Form 2 A. Helpful a
b
B. Harmful a
b
(4) Form 3 A. Helpful a
b
B. Harmful a
b
(5) My comments
4．组织文章的重点词与词组及重要表达方式
( 1 ) 解释分析: in general every some of
on the whole usually most of
in most cases rarely major
XisY (X代表被定义的概念, Y代表定义内容，下同)
X is Y + who (which, where)... X refers to Y
X is defined as Y X means Y By X we mean Y
By X is meant Y X is called Y
(2) 事件顺序 when subsequently before
yesterday during eventually
at first then at last
finally after that to begin with
now meanwhile since then
recently soon after initially
prior to on doing.., as soon as
proceeding in the end in the last place
(3) 空间顺序 ontheright (left) onthetopof closeto
next to be adjacent to above
below under across
opposite between against
there here in the middle of
To the left (right) stands...
When you arrive at/in .... you can see...
...stand/is standing in the...
be situated .... be located...
(4) 比较 in a similar manner similar to as if
not only...but also both., and more
as... as as though
better neither...norlike
worse Just as..., so...
X and Y have sth in common
X is to Y what/as...
X is just the opposite (to Y)
X differs from Y in that
X is superior to Y
(5) 转折、对比 yet though on the contrary
but on the other hand conversely
while nevertheless differentfrom
however at the same time rather than
unlike
Nothing can rival...( ...... 是无与伦比的)
...has drawbacks as well as merits ( ...... )
...varies from person to person ( ...... 是因人而异的)
(6) 举例 for example for instance as an example
a case in point such as illustration
besides moreover also
in addition to namely that is
as follows in other words like
There are many examples to show that...
One example is .... another example is...
(7) 描述 first.., next.., then.., after that.., finally
first(ly) ..... second(ly) ..... third(ly) .... finally
for one thing ..... for another (thing)
the first stage/step .... , the second stage/step ..... the last stage/step
(8) 总结 in short .... in a word,... in brief,...
to sum up .... in conclusion .... on the whole ....
Only by .... can we...
On account of this we can find that...
From what has been discussed above ....
(9) 原因 because because of as
since for owing to
due to on the ground of
The explanation is that...
The reasons why.., are as follows:
The cause of... is ...
The reasons for ... are
There are several reasons why...
(10) 结果 thus so hence
therefore accordingly consequently
as a result (of) for this reason on that account
in this way considering that in view of
result in as a consequence
It follows that...
This explains why...
The result/effect/consequence of... is...
(2) When it comes to .... some students think that...
(3) Nowadays it is widely believed that...
(4) When asked about the problem, some people say...
(5) Now more and more scientists are beginning to be alert to the importance of...
(6) According to an analysis, there is an increasing number of...
(7) Recently the problem has become the focus of...
(8) Now a few people feel...
(9) These days we often hear about,..
(10) Many nations have been faced with the problem...
(11) Nowadays it is generally considered that...
(12) It must be admitted out that...
(13) It must be pointed out that...
(14) There is a general discussion today about...
(15) Recently scientists in growing number are coming to realize that...
2、文章、段落结尾句型
(1) Consequently, a good education is important for...
(2) It is high time that the government did ...
(3) In my opinion, there is no effective method to the problem of...
(4) It is necessary that appropriate measures be taken to ...
(5) In a word, it is important ...
(6) From what has been discussed above, we can draw an conclusion ...
(7) There is no doubt that attention should be paid ...
(8) What we should do is ...
(9) There is no better time to start than ...
(10) Many solutions are being offered here ...
3、议论文常用句型
(1) No one can ignore the fact that ...
(2) My view may be illustrated that ...
(3) To the already familiar reasons ....
(4) As can be shown from the above analysis ....
(5) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe ...
(6) There is sufficient evidence to show that...
(7) It will be seen from it that ...
(8) Although the popular belief is .... a study indicates ...
(9) It is one thing to insist .... it is quite another...
(10) It is almost impossible ... without ...
4. 解释原因、分析影响的句型
(1) Among the most distinctive reasons, one should be emphasized that ...
(2) Another important reason of... is ...
(3) We may regard the phenomenon as an evidence of...
(4) There are different reasons for .... Firstly .... Secondly ..... Finally ....
(5) If this is the case, we explain...
(6) You can't ... without ...
(7) Whatever the causes...
(8) Let's take an example to illustrate ...
5.图表作文常用句型
(1) The figure indicates that ten percent of women
(2) There is a rapid growth of...
(3) According to the statistics in the bar graph ....
(4) The investment reached 56% of ....
(5) ... increased by X percent ...
(6) ... dropped almost twice, compared with...
(7) The rate has reached an average of X percent ...
(8) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows: ...
(9) This table provides several important points of comparison between A and B.
(10) As can be indicated in the table ....
(11) As the survey results show ...
(12) The population rises rapidly ...
(13) The birth rate remained level ...
(14) The two graphs depict that ...
(15) It can be seen from the chart that ...
(16) According to the cartoon ....
(17) From the data, it can be concluded that...
6.表示比较的常用句型
(1) A is to B what C is to D
(2) A is to B as C is to D
(3) Just as .... so ...
(4) A is similar to B
(5) The same is true of...
(6) The same can be said of...
(7) A differs from B in that ...
(8) A is just the opposite to B
(9) The advantages out weight the disadvantages ...
(10) Nothing can rival ...
(11) A is superior to B
(12) ... has drawbacks as well as merits
7.表示因果关系的句型
(1) There are many reasons for...
(2) The answer to this problem involves many factors ...
(3) Part of the explanation is ...
(4) Another important reason is ...
(5) Thanks to ...
(6) The cause of...
8.8 短文写作中常用的经典过渡词语
根据过渡词在文章中的作用，大致可分10类
1、用于"启"的过渡词语
generally speaking, in general, first of all, above all, at first, comparatively, in the first place,
firstly, in the beginning, recently, lately, for one thing, on the one hand, in a sense, in a way, at present, in recent years, currently, to start with, obviously
2. 用于"承"的过渡词语
secondly, also, too, in addition, for another, for this purpose, furthermore, what is more, for example, in contrast, in other words, nowadays, particularly, in particular, still, thirdly, in fact, in practice, at the same time, no doubt, just as, in fact, from now on, by this time
3.用于"转"的过渡词语
after all, yet, but, however, on the contrary, in contrast, at any rate, unlike, nonetheless,
otherwise, or else, while .... whereas .... though, despite .... in spite of..., all the same,unfortunately, as a matter of fact, instead
4. 用于"合"的过渡词语
in a word, as a consequence, hence, therefore, as a result, first of all, above all, generally speaking, at last, at length, in short, in summary, in conclusion, in the end, in sum, to sum up, on the whole, for this reason, as has been noted, by and large 等
5.表示先后次序的过渡词语
first, second, third, next, eventually, finally, since then, afterward, meanwhile, therefore,
immediately, proceeding, prior to, in the end, initially
6.表示因果关系的过渡词语
accordingly, for this reason, as a result, in this way, consequently, so, in view of, due to,
owing to, therefore, because of, thus
7. 表示比较合对比的过渡词语
in contrast with, similarly, whereas, on the contrary, different from .... likewise, just as, in common, in addition to, equally important, on the other hand
8. 表示举例的过渡词语
a case in point, for example, namely, for instance, such as
9. 描写图表的过渡词语（及动词）
from the above table, apart from .... according to, compared with .... during this time,
(increase, reach, arrive, rise, decrease, drop, fall, provide, indicate, depict)
10. 表示强调的过渡词语
in addition, moreover, what's more, besides, furthermore, in fact, also, indeed ,again, in particular, naturally
