2.不定式和动名词作宾语时的区别
动词不定式和动名词均可用作动词的宾语。两者在用法上应注意以下几点:
1)下列动词后一般只接动词不定式作宾语:aGREe,choose,de-cide,hope,fail,wish,refuse,expect,manage,plan,intend,pretend,promise,offer,afford,demand,arrange,etc.
What did they decide to do?他们决定干什么?
She failed to come to school yesterday.她昨天未能来校。
I hope to be back soon.我希望早点回家。
2)下列动词后一般只接动名词作宾语:finish,enjoy,mind,keep,miss,avoid,consider,imagine,practise,delay,escape,excuse,allow,sug-gest,etc.
We can finish building the bridge before the end of next month.我们可以在下个月底之前建好桥。
Would you mind opening the window?请您开一下窗户,好吗?
3)下列动词后既可接动词不定式也可接动名词且意义无大区别:like,love,prefer,hate,begin,start,continue,cease等。
I like to go swimming/going swimming in the afternoon.我喜欢在下午去游泳。
They continued to read/reading English.他们继续读英语。
但在下列情况下,宜用动词不定式,而不用动名词:
(1)like,love,prefer,hate等与would或should连用时
I'd prefer to stay home to watch TV.我宁可呆在家里看电视。
(2)begin,start,continue等本身用的是进行体时
She was starting to do her homework.她开始做作业。
(3)begin,start,cease,continue的主语为物而非人时
It began/started to rain.天开始下雨。
The ice ceased to melt(融化)in winter.冰冬季不再融化。
(4)后接的是表示心理活动的动词时,应用动词不定式,以表示一个逐渐演变的过程。
They began to realize the importance of learning a foreign language well.他们开始意识到学好英语的重要性。
4)下列动词后可接动词不定式也可接动名词,但两种结构意义有区别:
(1)remember,forget,reGREt等后接动词不定式表示该动作后于remember等动词的动作而发生,如用动名词则表示该动作先于re-member等动词的动作而发生,试比较如下:
She told me to go and lock the door.She didn't remember locking the door after supper.她叫我去锁门,她不记得晚饭后锁过了门。(动作已发生过)
Remember to turn off all the lights when you leave the classroom.你离开教室时,记得关掉所有的灯。(动作尚未发生)
(2)try,mean,can't help,go on等后接动词不定式和动名词的意义分别为:
a.try to do sth.尽力做某事;try doing sth.尝试做某事
He tried not to be late for the meeting.他争取开会不迟到。(须作努力)
The soup is a little salty.Try adding some water to it.汤咸了点,加点水试试。(无须作任何努力)
b.mean to do sth.打算(意图)做某事;mean doing sth.意味着;含义为
They didn't mean to go and help you.他们不打算去帮助你们。
His words meant going to help you without delay.他的话意味着将毫不迟疑地前去帮助你们。
c.can't help to do sth.不能帮忙做某事;can't help doing sth.禁不住……,情不自禁地……
I'm sorry I can't help to clean the room.对不起,我不能帮忙打扫房间。
They couldn't help laughing when hearing the joke.听到这个笑话,他们不禁大笑起来。
d.go on to do sth.接下去做另一件事;go on doing sth.继续做同一件事
They went on to do some exercises after reading the text.看完课文后,他们接着做练习。
We went on doing our homework after he left.他走后我们继续做作业。
5)在动词need,want,require之后接动名词,含有被动意义,故用主动形式,属主动形式表被动意义。若后接动词不定式则须用其被动式。试比较:
Your house needs repairing/to be repaired.你的房子需要维修。
The problem requires solving/to be solved immediately.这个问题需要立即予以解决。
6)在stop之后,接动名词为宾语,动词不定式则为目的状语。试比较:
We stopped working.我们停止工作。(作动词的宾语)
We stopped to have a rest.我们停下来休息一下。(作目的状语)
We stopped working to have a rest.我们停止工作,休息一下。
7)动名词可充当介词的宾语。例如:
Thank you for writing to me.
What about going to the cinema tonight?
但不定式只能在except,but,besides等介词后充当宾语。例如:
We had no choice but to walk home.
此时,若其前有行为动词do时,不定式应省略to。例如:
I did nothing but watch TV at home.
3.不定式与分词作状语、宾语补足语时的区别
1)不定式作状语表示目的、结果和原因等。例如:
She came here to get her book back.(目的)
I got there only to find everybody out.(结果)
We are happy to hear the news.(原因)
不定式还可用于下列结构:
①in order to,so as to表示目的,in order to引出的目的状语可置于句首或句尾,而so as to只能置于句尾。例如:
So as to pass the exam,he studies hard.(误)
In order to pass the exam,he studies hard.(正)
②下列句型表示程度或结果so...as to (如此……以致),such...as to(如此,以致),enough to(足以……),too...to(太……以致不……)。例如:
He is not so foolish a man as to believe you.(=He is not such a foolish man as to believe you.)他还不至于傻到相信你的程度。
③在某些固定词组中。例如to be honest,to tell the truth等。
To tell the truth,I failed in the exam.说实话,我考试没及格。
2)分词作时间、原因、条件、让步状语(相当于相应的状语从句)。例如:
Being busy,I didn't go to the cinema last night.(As I was busy,I didn't go to the cinema last night.)
Given more help,we could have finished it on time.(If we had been given more help,we could have finished it on time.)
Though warned of the danger,he still went on skating on the thin ice.(=Though he was warned of the danger,he still went on skating on the thin ice.)尽管被警告过有危险,可他还在薄冰上滑冰。(表示让步)
3)分词还可作方式或伴随状语,说明动词动作的主次关系,一般不可颠倒。例如:
[正] They walked out of the classroom,talking and laughing.
[误] Walking out of the classroom,they talked and laughed.
4)“only+V-ing分词”也可用于表示结果,意为“结果只是……”,
该结果为意料之中。而“only+不定式”表示没有料想到的结果,意为“想不到”;“没想到”。例如:
He died only leaving debts.他死后只留下一身债。
She wanted to do a good deed,only to be scolded by her teacher.她想做件好事,不料反而受到老师的斥责。
4.不定式与分词作宾补时的区别
①不定式作宾补——表示动作已完成,强调动作发生这一事实或其全过程。现在分词作宾补——表示动作正在进行,强调部分动作过程。试比较:
I saw him come downstairs.(=He came downstairs and I saw it.我看见他下楼了。(说明下楼了这件事)
I saw him coming downstairs.(=I saw he was coming downstairs.)我看见他下楼。(说明下楼时的情景)
②现在分词作宾补——表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或正在进行,为主动意义。过去分词作宾补——表示动作完成的结果或被动含义。试比较:
I had him typing the letter.我让他打这封信。
I had the letter typed.我让人打这封信。
