在高考阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率最高的是推理判断题,近几年的高考每年都保持在10题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示,抓住内含语义,用逻辑思维的方法加以整理,然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为:简单推理和复杂推理。
一、简单推理
所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提,以具体事实为依据进行推理,做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接,只要弄清事实,即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。 如:
When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years from now, how could they even begin to picture modern life? Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive (原始的) in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days golllocing to make new spunders, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can't think of.
1. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that________.
A. human history is extremely long
B. life has not changed a GREat deal
C. it is useless to plan for the next 50,000 years
D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future
从段首 When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? 可推出:生活在今天的人们要想像50,000 年以后会发生什么,当然也是困难的。答案选D 。
二、复杂推理
复杂推理不但要以文字为依据,而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理,就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法:
1. 如何推测作者的写作目的和意图推测作者写作目的的设题形式有:
1) The purpose in writing this text is to ________.
2) The author writes this passage to______.
3) The author in this passage intends to ________.
推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。如:
A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village. They lived with the man's big family—his parents, his brothers, their wives and children. The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a GREat interest. Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar.
Three months later the woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband. Soon the elephant refused to eat or work. It appeared to be ill and heart-broken. One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house.
It went to the woman's home. On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it. The young woman was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to her husband's home.
The writer wrote the story in order to________.
A. show that elephants are very clever
B. tell how a woman trained a wild animal
C. show that women care more for animals than men do
D. tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife
解答此题,需综合所读内容并加以判断。通过第一段得知:The family kept an elephant which the young woman liked very much. 第二段是说:The woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband. And the elephant appeared to be ill. 第三段是说:The elephant went to the woman's home. Moved by the act of the animal, the woman returned to her husband's home. 通过综合分析,答案应该是D 。
2. 如何推测文章的观点或结论
推测文章的观点或结论的设题形式有:
1) It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
2) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
3) From the passage we can conclude that ________.
这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点,可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点,仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。如:
Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.
“To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours,as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor's advice.
Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”
It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine________.
A. helps you to fall asleep quickly
B. may be dangerous to small children
C. cannot be taken if one feels sleepy
D. shouldn't be taken by children
under six
从文章第三段第二句得知,六岁以下儿童是否可用此药需要向医生咨询,但并未加以禁止。因此可判断B 为正确选项。
3.如何推断文章的出处
推断文章出处的设题形式有:
1)The passage is most likely to be taken from______.
2)Where would this passage most probably appear?
3)The passage is most likely a part of______.
这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处:
A.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
B.广告:因其格式特殊,容易辨认。
C.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。
如上篇文章:
This text is most probably taken from a______.
A. textbook
B. newsreel
C. doctoer's notebook
D. bottle of medicine
此题极易误选D。的确,人们常在药瓶上的说明中看到文章直接引语部分的文字内容,但是像第一段这样的内容不可能出现在药瓶上。由此可见,这一段文章应选自教科书中有关如何读服药说明的课文。所以答案选A 。
4.如何推断人物性格
推断文章中人物性格的设题形式有:
1)What do we know about somebody in the text?
2)What kind of man somebody is ?
3)Somebody can be said to be______.
做这类题时一定要注意:
A.准确把握字里行间的意思,切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点。
B.特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。 如:
A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday. “That's right,”said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world. They're all dead.”
“Well, sir,” said the interviewer,“I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”
The old man looked at the young man closely, and said,“I can't see why you shouldn't. You look fit and healthy to me!”
What kind of man would you say the old man was?
A. He was ill. B. He was unconscious.
C. He was very proud and sure of his health.
D. He was very polite to young people.
要答对此题,重点是要分析老人所说的话。从老人的话中,“That's right,”said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world. They're all dead.”我们可以看到老人对自己高寿的自豪。最后一段,老人说:“I can't see why you shouldn't. You look fit and healthy to me!”这句话又体现了老人自己对健康状况的自信。所以答案应选C 。
5.如何借助文章结构进行推测
有些推断题要从文章结构的角度进行分析,才能推断出正确答案。因此,阅读时不仅要注重词、句的理解,而且还要分析语篇的组织结构。如:
Another way is energy conservation(节能),which means using energy more efficiently (有效的). In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy. They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in. The house is heated by the lights, the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it.
The writer tells about the“special house”because they _____.
A. show the excellent skills of the builders
B. serve as an example of energy conservation
C. are heated by different sources of energy
D. are warmer than other types of houses
本段的中心主题是节能,文中 special house 的提及是作为一个例子来具体说明它是节能的一种具体方式。所以该题答案应选B 。
总之,简单推理和复杂推理是做阅读理解推理判断题时进行判断、得出结论的有效方法。具体做题时,考生一定要因“题”而宜,切不可生搬硬套。
