利用词义的对比关系推测词义是指根据词汇的同义关系、对比关系、因果关系等进行思考,领会词汇含义。这类词可能是生僻的,也可能属于一词多义或者有新的释义。很多句子中的难词后面常常带有用其他词对其做出的具体说明,这种语境就形成了对词义的具体解释。这些规律主要包括以下几种类型:
1)同义关系:词汇之间的同义关系常通过意义相似的词、词组或句子来表示。常见的提示词有:or,namely,in other words,for example,such as等。例:
(1)Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories,but her mother always knew she was lying.
分析:该句含两个并列句,后句的lying与生词concoct互为同义词,意思是“(编造)谎话”。
(2)I see people,old and young alike,are now taking tests of intelligence,education and skill.I wonder why there is not a test of one's virtue or goodness.
分析:句中or后面的goodness解释了virtue,猜其意为“善行”。
2)对比关系:词汇之间的对比关系常通过互为反义的单词和短语来表示。有些词,如:but ,however,yet,while,although,on the other hand,unlike,instead常会给以提示。这样,面对互为反义的词,如果知道其中一词的意思,另一词的含义也不难推测。例:
(1)Although everyone believes that he is too cowardly,facts prove that he is quite bold.
分析:句中的bold(大胆)与cowardly互为反义词,通过although表示的转折,可以推出cowardly的含义是“胆小”。
(2)Bob and Rose were as different as night and day;he was taciturn,but she was talkative.
分析:题中将鲍勃与罗斯的不同比作黑夜和白天,后文又用了 but连接一对反义词,知道talkative是“喋喋不休”,那么taciturn就是“沉默寡言”了。
3)因果关系:词汇之间的因果关系有着逻辑上的联系,一定的原因导致一定的结果。因此可以用推理的方式,由因及果或由果及因,去推测词义。例:
(1)Forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille, namely,a system of raised dots read with the finger tips.
分析:从namely后面的解释:“用凸点符号供盲人摸读的文字体系”可知,Braille指“盲文”。
(2)Tom is so shrewd that he can't be beaten in the argument.
分析:根据后文的结果he can't be beaten in the argument,可知 shrewd的词义是“精明的”。 |