猜词题(Word Guessing)是全国大学生英语竞赛的特有题型,它旨在考查学生通过构词法,特别是通过上下文具体的语境来猜测词义的能力。该题型共5小题,5分。
(一)根据生词的词外线索来猜测
一个词在文章中总是同上下文有着密切的联系,根据上下文,即语境,我们常常能猜测出生词的词义。由于语境线索在一句话中的具体体现是复杂的,我们主要可以从下面几方面来揣摩、猜测:
1.相关的词义线索,如定义标记词(means,refer to...),列举标记词(for example,such as,including...),重复标记词(in other words, that is to say,or...),以及同位语、同义词、反义词等。如:
①I don't like meat,so I didn't have a sausage.
从第一分句可以看出,说话人不喜欢吃肉食,第二分句说,因此我就没吃“sausage”,可见sausage也是一种肉食。通过meat这个词,猜出sausage的词义。
②Tom has always been lazy.If he had been diligent,he would have passed the examination.
首先陈述汤姆一向很懒,后假设如果他……的话,他就会通过了考试。可见diligent与lazy词义相反,意为“勤奋”。
③The ocean was full of nondescript ships such as river boats,yachts and barges.
通常列举词such as我们不难知道yachts,barges和river boats一样,同属ships。
2.环境线索
一个词一定会出现在一个具体的语言环境下,只要我们把握整个句子(或段落)的环境,就有可能猜测出生词的词义。如:
①A person with strong will can overcome difficulties,but those who lack it are likely to succumb to difficulties.
前句说意志坚强的人能克服困难,后句用表示转折意义的but引导,可猜出缺乏意志的人容易“向困难屈服(succumb to difficulties)”。
②A middle-aged professor said that his wife was too extravagant, because no matter how much he gave her for the household expenses,she always ran short.
在此句中,我们很容易猜出extravagant的意思是“奢侈、浪费”,因为句中说“不论他给她多少钱作家务开销她都不够花”。
3.其它线索,如用途线索、对比线索、说明线索、顺序线索等。如:
Anesthetic is usually by some people to kill pain,in other words,it can help the patients'muscles relax during operation.
anesthetic能使人在手术过程中肌肉放松、止痛,从它的作用,我们得知该词是“麻醉剂”。