在实际对话中,说话人经常会借用一些习语(idiom)来表达感情、态度及看法。所以要是不明白相关习语的意思,即使听清了对话,也不能正确理解对话所表达的内在含义。例如:
1. W: Will you back me up on this new course proposal?
M: You can count on me.
Q: What does the man mean?
A) He’ll count the votes on proposal.
B) He’ll back out of the proposal.
C) He’ll make the proposal.
D) He’ll support the woman’s proposal.
本题的解题关键就是要弄清楚对话中出现的两个习语的含义。对话中两人各使用了一个习语“back...up”和“count on”,意思分别是:“支持”和“依靠”,据此不难推断出正确答案为D。
大学英语教材里出现了大量的常用习语,上面提到的“back...up”和“count on”都是大纲要求掌握的。所以要想真正提高英语水平,扩大词汇量,学习一些习语知识是非常必要的。
从语法功能和结构来看,“back...up”和“count on”属于动词类习语。这类习语在英语习语中数量最多,应重点掌握。例如:
2. M: You know, Helen has come into lots of money recently.
W: Yes, I heard that a relative was generous to her.
Q: What can we learn about Helen?
A) Helen was generous to a relative.
B) Helen found some money.
C) Helen was relatively generous.
D) Helen received money from a relative.
要解决例2的问题其实非常简单,只要抓住“come into”及后面跟着的“money”一词,并知道当“come into”后接“money”或“fortune”表示“获得遗产”即可。这样,答案应为D。
其他动词习语还有许多,如:take advantage of(利用)、make a difference(有影响、产生差别)、make one’s way(前进)等等。值得一提的是,动词类习语中有相当一部分是由动词与跟在其后的介词或副词组成的,这类词被称为短语动词,如:put forward(提出,v. + adv.)、serve as(充当,v. + prep.)、do away with( 废除,v.+adv.+prep.)等。类似的还有:pass on to(传递)、 depend/rely on(依赖)、look into(调查)、get down to(着手)、hold up(举起、使延误)、 keep/turn away from(避开)、show off(炫耀)、persist in(坚持)、wrap up(包……、结束)、look up(向上看、查找、拜访)、think of(想起)、help out(援助)等。
短语动词的使用相当广泛,在日常对话中更是大量出现。例如:
3. M: Nelly is supposed to be here at the meeting tonight. Where is she?
W: She came down with the flu and had to stay home.
4. M: Are you going to
W: Yes. I’m going to look up Richard while I’m there.
5.W:What’s wrong with your little sister? She is crying.
M:The firecracker went off and scared her.
6. M:A button comes off this shirt.
W:We can get a needle and some threads at a department store.
7. M:When did Williams come back last night?
W:We stayed up until twelve o’clock waiting for him...
当然,在日常对话中,说话人还会经常使用其他各种结构的习语,以使语言生动。例如:
8. M: Excuse me, Madam. I’m a stranger here. Can you tell me the way to the Grand Theatre?
W: Go along this street for about ten minutes, and then you will see it. It’s a stone’s throw away from here.
Q: What is learned from this conversation?
A) The theatre is popular.
B) The theatre is very near.
C) The theatre is made of stone.
D) The theatre is large.
例8中,回答者使用了名词类习语: a stone’s throw,表示“很短的距离”,所以选项B为正确答案。
其他类型的习语像aware of(察觉到的)、short of(缺乏……的)、familiar with(熟悉的)、full of(充满的)等应属于形容词类习语。而像by chance(偶然地)、on purpose(故意地)、at least(至少)、by far(极其、非常地)、now and then(不时)、on time(准时)、ahead of time(提前)、in part(部分地)、to and fro(来回地)、in advance(预先)、in vain(徒劳无益地)等因在句中多用来修饰形容词或动词,属于副词类习语。
英语中各种习语及习惯表达法还有很多,用法也很复杂,大家平时应多注意积累相关知识,这样才能进一步提高自己的听力理解力,做出正确的选择。