伊丽莎白（英语：Elizabeth或Elisabeth）源于希伯来语的基督教女子教名。
关于名字
名字含义
“伊丽莎白”这个名字起源于希伯来语人名以利沙巴（אֱלִישֶׁבַע），在旧约中这是亚伦的妻子的名字。“以利沙巴”一词的字面意思是“以上帝的名义起誓”。在早期的希腊文本圣经中，将这个名字转写为希腊语形式的Ελισάβετ。欧洲各国的同源名字就是从希腊语形式衍生的。
各种语言中的形式
英语：Elisabeth 或 Elizabeth
德语：Elisabeth
俄语：Елизаве́та
意大利语：Elisabetta
罗马尼亚语：Elisabeta
匈牙利语：Erzsébet
主要变体
伊莎贝拉
著名人士
君主和贵族：
伊丽莎白一世，英格兰女王。
伊丽莎白二世，英国女王。
巴伐利亚的伊丽莎白，又昵称为茜茜（Sisi），巴伐利亚女公爵与公主，后来成为奥地利皇后与匈牙利王后，一般称作茜茜公主。
其他：
伊丽莎白·泰勒（Elizabeth Taylor），美国女演员。
伊丽莎白·赫利（Elizabeth Hurley），英国女演员，模特儿，电影制作人与设计师。
伊丽莎白·史特凡 (Elizabeth Stefan)
伊丽莎白一世
伊丽莎白一世（Elizabeth I），1533年9月7日出生于格林尼治，1603年3月24日逝世于萨里，于1558年11月17日至1603年3月24日任英格兰和爱尔兰女王，是都铎王朝的第五位也是最后一位君主。她也是名义上的法国女王。她终身未嫁，因此被称为“童贞女王”。也被称为“荣光女王”（Gloriana）、“英明女王”（Good Queen Bess）。在她之前的都铎王朝君主顺序是亨利七世、亨利八世、爱德华六世和她的异母姊玛莉一世。
她即位时英格兰处于内部因宗教分裂的混乱状态，但她不但成功地保持了英格兰的统一，而且在经过近半个世纪的统治后，使英格兰成为欧洲最强大， 富有的国家之一。英格兰文化也在此期间达到了一个顶峰，涌现出了诸如许多著名的人物，包括剧作家威廉·莎士比亚、克利斯托弗·马洛和班祖明·约翰逊；桂冠诗人爱德蒙·史宾沙将《仙后》献给她；法兰西斯·德瑞克爵士在其任内成为第一个环航地球的英国人；弗兰西斯·培根爵士发表了他对哲学与政治的观点；华达·罗利爵士和韩弗理·吉伯特爵士在北美建立了英国殖民地。她的统治期在英国历史上被称为“伊丽莎白时期”，亦称为“黄金时代”。
伊丽莎白为人谨慎，她的座右铭是“明察无言”（video et taceo，拉丁文，直译为“我观看，而且我沈默”）。慎于荣誉的颁发和显职的授与也是她在位期间的特征。在将近四十五年里，在英格兰只授与了八个贵族头衔：一个伯爵爵位、七个男爵爵位；在爱尔兰只授与一个男爵爵位。她并将枢密院的成员由三十九人降至十九人，后来再降至十四人。
维吉尼亚州（原来的英国殖民地现为美国的一个州）是以她“童贞女王”的称号来命名的。
童年
伊丽莎白诞生于伦敦的普雷森希宫，她是亨利八世和他的第二个王后安妮·博林唯一幸存的孩子。由于她父母是按新教教规结婚的，天主教认为她是一个私生女。她出生时被指定为王位继承人，她的同父异母的姐姐玛丽成为她的女侍官。伊丽莎白三岁时，她的母亲被判叛逆罪处死，一年后亨利八世和他的第三个王后简·西摩就生了一个男孩：爱德华。伊丽莎白和玛丽都成了爱德华的佣人。
亨利后来的王后们对这两个被褫夺公主衔头的继女都很好，亨利本人也经常关注她们的成长，她们受到很好的教育，有可靠的朋友和同龄的伴侣。1547年亨利死后，他最后的那位王后凯瑟琳·帕尔和她的新丈夫托马斯·西摩（他是简·西摩的兄弟和新国王爱德华六世的舅父）养护伊丽莎白。西摩被年轻的伊丽莎白所吸引，他夫人死后，他本来打算娶她为妇，但他和他的兄弟爱德华·西摩后来都在一系列权利斗争中被处死了。
伊丽莎白受到很好的教育，她的教师包括英国文艺复兴时期著名的人文主义者罗杰·阿斯坎。她受到古典、历史、数学、诗歌和语言的教育。在她统治期间她可以说和写六种语言：英语、法语、意大利语、西班牙语、拉丁语和希腊语。在凯瑟琳·帕尔和她的其他教师的影响下伊丽莎白成为了一个新教徒。
在她兄弟生前，她的地位比较稳定，但爱德华1553年就因肺结核或砒霜中毒而去世了。琴·格蕾夫人只做了九天女王，就被她家翁的同党推翻，并被其后上台的玛丽处死。玛丽是一个虔诚的天主教徒，她逼迫伊丽莎白改信天主教。伊丽莎白表面上虽然昄依，但内心仍然是一个新教徒。玛丽对此非常不满。有一小段时间里伊丽莎白甚至被关入伦敦塔。有人认为她是在这里认识了她后来的爱人莱斯特伯爵罗伯特·达德利的，但更可能的是他们在童年时代就相识了。
伊丽莎白保了命，但玛丽与西班牙国王菲利普二世的婚礼使得英格兰重归天主教的可能性增大了，对此英格兰人民及贵族都很不满。1558年玛丽一世无子而亡，伊丽莎白成了她的合法继承人。英国国会重申了亨利八世国王规定伊丽莎白作为继承人的安排。
加冕
伊丽莎白于1559年1月15日在西敏寺被加冕为女王，当时她的地位很不稳定。她加冕的日子是当时英国著名的数学家和占星士约翰·迪伊挑选的，据说它特别吉利。给她加冕的是卡里斯勒的主教，他是当时在教会界能找到的最高的承认她的合法地位的人。同年她就已经签署了结束意大利战争的卡多-坎陪吉条约。
政治
伊丽莎白44年的统治期间英国宗教分歧的斗争非常强烈。1530年代里亨利八世与天主教决裂，圣公会建立。爱德华六世的短暂统治期间圣公会的教义日益完善。玛丽一世统治期间圣公会失去了其统治地位。伊丽莎白恢复了圣公会的地位。在伊丽莎白统治的最初两年间她就发布了至尊法和单一法令，规定国王同时是教会的最高领导人。
虽然她试图在宗教极端派之间寻找一条折衷的路来走，但她本人无疑是一个新教徒。尤其在爱尔兰天主教徒和其他被认为是异教徒的人被迫害。威廉·塞西尔是她政治上最亲密的顾问，为塞西尔她特地创立了柏利勋爵这个爵位。1598年塞西尔死后，他的儿子罗伯特·塞西尔成为伊丽莎白最亲密的顾问，但罗伯特远远不能达到其父亲的能力。她的管理机构中另一个重要人物是弗兰西斯·华兴汉爵士。华兴汉在整个欧洲建立了一个间谍网。他可以保证所有对女王的阴谋都被他所知。
继承人问题
对伊丽莎白最大的批评是她没有提供一个继承人。别人一直以为她会结婚生子，有许多人追求她，包括她的前姐夫，西班牙的菲利普国王，以及她的宠臣莱斯特伯爵。许多人认为莱斯特伯爵是她的爱人。伊丽莎白很明智地避免了他们。几年后，当她的统治得到巩固后，人们越来越明显地看到她不会结婚生子了。
当别人质问她为什么她不结婚时，她提到她姐姐统治时期她的处境。当时她不但是玛丽最忌讳的人，而且造反者如托马斯·怀特爵士还利用她的名义。因此她明智地认识到假如她指定一个继承人的话，她的地位会被削弱，而且这一举可以给她的敌人提供一个刺激，因为他们可以利用这个继承人来反对她。但没有继承人英格兰就不会在她去逝前的情况下陷入内战。这一点在1562年她患天花几乎丧生时这一点变得非常明显。在一段时间裏伊丽莎白曾严肃地考虑过结婚生子。但一个天主教的丈夫是显而易见不可能的，而一个新教的丈夫如莱斯特伯爵会立刻加剧宫廷内的宗派斗争。无论她选中谁都不会有好结果。不论她个人的倾向如何，她当时的处境使任何传宗的考虑不能得以实现。
她当时是有一些可能的继承人的，但伊丽莎白对他们都不予考虑。她的表侄女苏格兰女王玛莉·斯图亚特是一个天主教徒。在她从苏格兰出逃前，甚至此后她一直是一个非常可能的继承人。玛丽被逐后伊丽莎白虽然接纳了她，但她将玛丽囚禁起来以保障玛丽无法威胁她的地位。玛丽的儿子詹姆士当时还是一个孩子，在他未被考验之前他还不会被考虑到。其他人选也不太可能。伊丽莎白的女伴之一，琴·格蕾的妹妹凯瑟琳·格蕾夫人因为违背伊丽莎白意愿而结婚触怒了伊丽莎白。凯瑟琳·格蕾的妹妹玛丽·格蕾是一个驮背矮子。伊丽莎白当时一直希望苏格兰的玛丽一世会昄依新教并找一个伊丽莎白认为可靠的丈夫，因此她在玛丽在英格兰被囚期间将她的继承人的问题一推再推。
与此同时她还是继续有结婚的可能性。她曾考虑过在法国的众多王子中找一个丈夫。第一个建议是比她小20岁的奥尔良公爵亨利（后来的亨利三世），当时法王查理九世的弟弟。当这个建议被拒绝后她还考虑过法王更年轻的弟弟阿朗松公爵弗朗索瓦。但弗朗索瓦的早夭使这个计划也破产了。
1568年最后一个有资格做她的继承人的英格兰人，凯瑟琳·格蕾夫人，死了。伊丽莎白被迫再次考虑苏格兰女王玛丽。伊丽莎白建议玛丽与莱斯特伯爵结婚，但玛丽拒绝了这个建议。不过这时玛丽的儿子詹姆士已经受到了新教的教育。1570年法王说服伊丽莎白让玛丽重返苏格兰。但伊丽莎白提出了许多苛刻的要求，其中之一就是让詹姆士留在英格兰。虽然如此她的谋士塞西尔还是继续设法帮助玛丽回苏格兰。但苏格兰人拒绝接受这位女王，因此未遂。
伊丽莎白的婚姻和个人生活历来是人们的话题。被称为“童贞女王”并不意味着她终生没有性生活。她在世时就有很多私生子传闻，莱斯特伯爵罗伯特·达德利、埃塞克斯伯爵罗伯特·德弗罗等被普遍认为是她的情夫。但是另一方面，也有传闻说她终身未婚是因为不能生育，甚至有可能因为她有某种性功能上的缺陷。传记作家斯蒂芬·茨威格、利顿·斯特莱切即抱持这一观点。
宗教宽容的结束
正当此时新教皇庇护五世1570年2月25日革除伊丽莎白的教籍。这使伊丽莎白无法继续她的宗教宽容的政策。
同时她的敌人对她的阴谋也使她非常震怒。20年来玛丽一直试图不向伊丽莎白挑战。但这时她陷入了她的天主教同情者的阴谋中。这些阴谋的主谋是安东尼·巴宾顿，其目的是营救玛丽使她取伊丽莎白而代之。对伊丽莎白来说这是一个很好的消除这个大敌人的机会。1587年她处死了玛丽（据说她并不情愿下这条命令）。
与西班牙的战争
伊丽莎白向法国的新教徒亨利四世提供了军队和钱财来让他获得法国王位。在八年战争中他向荷兰的新教徒奥伦治亲王威廉一世（沉默者）提供军队来让他反抗西班牙的统治。不但如此，1568年弗兰克·德雷克爵士和约翰·霍金斯爵士领导的一支贩奴舰队被西班牙皇家海军重伤后，西班牙的运财舰队不断受到英格兰海盗的劫掠。西班牙国王菲利普二世决定以玛丽之死为借口入侵英格兰来击退英格兰对西班牙在欧洲大陆和在其海外殖民地的挑战。
1588年，西班牙无敌舰队向英格兰进发。伊丽莎白不顾各方对于她个人安全的忧虑，在埃塞克斯郡提尔伯里不带卫兵不着盔甲检阅海军，并发表了历史上最著名的演说之一。此后借助地利及天气条件等，英格兰海军击溃了来犯的无敌舰队，伊丽莎白闻讯后只带了六个随从就离开要塞到镇上与她的臣民共同庆祝胜利。
虽然如此，西班牙1589年击败了一个更大的英格兰反击舰队。这场战争一直延续到1604年，双方打了个平手，不论在海上还是在陆上英格兰并未能占上风。从1594年起在爱尔兰还爆发了一场游击战。
伊丽莎白最后几年的宠臣是罗伯特·德弗罗，他是莱斯特伯爵的养子。她甚至原谅了他的一些轻罪，但罗伯特1601年参加了一场暴乱，伊丽莎白不得不将他处死。
逝世
伊丽莎白从未结婚，她的死结束了都铎王朝。在她的晚年，当她不得不确定她的继承人时，她越来越倾向她的表侄孙，被她处死的苏格兰玛丽女王的儿子詹姆士。但她从未正式命名他为继承人。1603年3月24日她死于萨里的列治文宫。她被安葬在西敏寺。她的继承人是詹姆士一世。这位詹姆士当时已经成为苏格兰的詹姆士六世了。此时，英格兰和苏格兰同归一个君主，一个王朝的统治下，开始了不列颠统一进程的第一步──王室联合，但英格兰和苏格兰两个国家依然保持自己独立运作的政府。她死50年后，英国内战爆发了，英国成为了一个短暂的共和国。
英国文化
伊丽莎白时期是英国文化发展的一个重要时期。文学，尤其是诗歌和话剧进入了一个黄金时代。英国对其他大陆的考察，尤其是对美洲的考察进入了一个新的阶段。如同她的父亲，她本人也从事写作和翻译，她亲自翻译了霍勒斯的《诗歌艺术》。一些她生前的演说和翻译作品一直流传至今。
影响和评价
伊丽莎白是英国历史上最受欢迎的君主。2002年，在由BBC主持的民众公选的“最伟大的100名英国人”中，伊丽莎白名列第七，超过了英国各地各代所有其他君王。2005年，在历史频道（History Channel）的纪录片《英国最伟大的君主》中，历史学家和评论家们分析了十二位英国君主，并为他们评分（根据六项指数，如军事力量和影响力等，满分为60分），伊丽莎白赢得了最高的48分。
她经常在话剧或小说中出现。1971年格伦达·杰克逊拍摄的伊丽莎白女王和苏格兰玛丽女王深受欢迎。1998年凯特·布兰切特在伊丽莎白中扮演女王年轻的时候，朱迪·登奇在莎翁情史中扮演年老的女王。米兰达·理查森在电视连续剧黑蝰蛇中表演了一个超现实主义的女王。同性恋先驱昆汀·克利斯普在奥兰多中扮演她。本杰明·布里顿在他为伊丽莎白二世的加冕作的歌剧赞美中描绘了她与罗伯特·德弗罗的关系。2007年末，电影伊丽莎白的续集“伊丽莎白：黄金时代”（Elizabeth: The Golden Age）上映，仍由凯特·布兰切特饰演女王，描述女王登基后的一系列文治武功。
对后来不列颠的统治者来说伊丽莎白的统治期和当时的许多人物有特别的意义。沃尔特·拉雷格爵士、德瑞克和马丁·弗罗比歇爵士成为后来的探险家的原型，威廉·莎士比亚、克里斯多弗·马罗爵士和弗兰西斯·培根爵士成为后代作家的模范。在宗教问题上伊丽莎白虽然以铁腕统治，但同时相对于她在大陆上的对手来说，她给予她的指挥官和顾问们更大的自由。伊丽莎白时期政治的相对开明，也是导致在宣扬“君权神授”的斯图亚特王朝从苏格兰入主后，英格兰各阶层由于强烈反差而开始追求民主自由等价值，并最终引发英国内战和建立世界上第一个民主政权的重要原因之一。
虽然她有时制定军事行动的战略（比如1589年英格兰对西班牙和葡萄牙的远征），但她从未像亨利五世、奥利弗·克伦威尔或温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士那样亲自充当军事首领。许多军事或探险事业都是舰长的个人决定，皇家许可（尤其是对于海盗行为）都是后来补发的。当时的文学创作更是没有获得皇家的支持。由此可见伊丽莎白时代的许多事件和文化创作实际上是许多个人行动的总和。对后来，尤其是帝国主义时期的英国人来说这是有象征性意义的。
另一方面，不少历史学家也提出了对伊丽莎白时代的批评。一些现代欧洲历史学家和传记作者开始质疑历来对都铎时代的正面评价（例如： Somerset, Guy, Haigh, Ridley, Elton）。从军事上来看伊丽莎白的英格兰并不很成功。虽然西班牙无敌舰队被击败，但这只不过是一场从1585年至1604年持续近20年的战争的开始。英格兰士兵在陆地上（主要在荷兰和法国）的所做所为平平，在1588年后的海战中也是负多胜少。1589年和1595年至1596年的海军战役尤其损失惨重。1590年至1591年在亚速尔群岛以及1597年英格兰的海盗也遭打击。1595年一支西班牙袭击队在康沃尔登陆并将该郡的大部分地区投入战火。这是历史上很少的几次外国军队在英国登陆的事件之一。更糟糕的是在玛丽一世的最后几年和伊丽莎白的开始五年中英格兰不断被从法国大陆上驱逐。这给英格兰的自尊心给予了很大的打击，而且使英格兰彻底放弃了它在大陆的野心。
伊丽莎白的犹疑不决，对军事行动尤其不利。在1589年对西班牙和葡萄牙的远征中英军没有携带围攻炮和火炮。但她的小心谨慎是有原因的，也许它们出于长远的考虑：假如没有一个坚实的战略她不愿英格兰卷入昂贵的、不一定成功的冒险。因此她不愿在对付强大的军队或舰队作战时浪费珍贵的资源。
伊丽莎白时期的英格兰的经济很不稳定。当时英格兰对荷兰和北德汉莎联盟的羊毛交易不断增长，这给国家带来了很大的好处。伊丽莎白统治初期接受了玛丽留下的三百万英镑的巨债。伊丽莎白、西塞尔和她的其他官员不得不采取极端手段来限制国家的支出。这些手段有时带来了其他的困难，比如许多士兵（包括抵抗无敌舰队的士兵）很久得不到薪金。但随着国家经济的发展这个情况得到好转。当与西班牙的战争开始时，英格兰的经济盛况是从亨利七世以来从未有过的。
与西班牙的战争给英格兰的经济重新带来了巨大的负担。从1590年代开始英格兰再次负债。尤其爱尔兰的游击战给英格兰的经济带来了巨大损失，它被称为“英格兰国库的漏斗”。伊丽莎白不得不出售国有地面以及官职。1603年英格兰的债务再次达到三百万英镑，与伊丽莎白统治开始时相差不多。不过詹姆士一世后来在和平时期欠债的速度远超过伊丽莎白，而伊丽莎白留下的债务并不是无法控制的。
最近对伊丽莎白统治的批评尤其集中在英格兰的非洲奴隶贩卖活动和她在爱尔兰的失策。这个失策严重地影响了英国和爱尔兰的发展。英格兰是在1562年加入跨大西洋的贩卖奴隶的活动的，当时约翰·霍金斯爵士开始了高利润的偷卖奴隶活动。他从几内亚或其他非洲港口获得他的人类商品，然后将他的俘虏运到西印度的西班牙奴隶市场上出卖。一开始伊丽莎白女王责备霍金斯参加这样不道德的贸易，但当霍金斯向她显示他的事业的利润后她很快就改变了她的见解。她不仅包庇霍金斯的贸易，而且直接从中得利，甚至为他提供船只和人员。
伊丽莎白女王对霍金斯的奴隶贩卖的支持为这个贸易提供了皇家的认可，它使这个贸易合法化，它使更多英国商人参加进去了。因此伊丽莎白女王和美国的托马斯·杰斐逊一样受到批评：尽管她在道义上相信这个贸易是不合法的，但她仍然直接从奴隶买卖中得利。
从亨利二世起英格兰和爱尔兰之间就存在着一个政治联系。但到都铎王朝为止英格兰对爱尔兰的统治是很有限的。都铎王朝开始加强对爱尔兰贵族的统治。亨利八世与天主教断绝后爱尔兰问题就更加加剧了，因为爱尔兰依然是天主教为主的。1568年西班牙成为对手后爱尔兰问题也成为了一个涉及英格兰安全的问题。英格兰驻爱尔兰的官员是臭名昭著的，他们很腐败、对爱尔兰毫不理解，到处树敌。小的起义立刻被镇压。1570年伊丽莎白被开除教籍后对天主教徒的迫害更加加剧，使两个民族的关系更加恶化。1594年开始九年战争终于爆发。
这场战争和四个世纪后美国在越南战争的处境相差不多。爱尔兰反抗者使用游击战的手段来消磨和挫败来镇压他们的、装备良好和有训练的英格兰士兵。对英格兰来说，这场战争尤其昂贵。英军受到多次巨大损失。最后英军不得不采用焦土政策，假如有爱尔兰人被怀疑参加反抗，他就全家被杀，英军烧毁田野，破坏农庄，制造了一场空前的人为大饥荒。
1604年詹姆士一世在他的第一个命令中向爱尔兰道歉，才结束了这场战争。但这场战争的残酷性使爱尔兰人对英国人的仇恨、敌对和不信任一直遗传至今。
不过英格兰参加奴隶买卖和对爱尔兰的政策也得按当时的情况来分析看待。虽然伊丽莎白对霍金斯的贸易在道义上予以指责，但她当时面临着三百万英镑的巨债。霍金斯为她提供的经济来源是她所不能拒绝的。不论如何英国在伊丽莎白时期的奴隶贸易远小于西班牙和葡萄牙，也小于后来荷兰在17世纪的奴隶贸易。
伊丽莎白对爱尔兰的政策出于她对西班牙的一个“天主教后门”的恐惧。这个问题来自于新教改革在这个国家的失策。它无法简单地解决。当然伊丽莎白和她的官员在爱尔兰的政策无疑加剧了这场冲突，但它还是有战略原因的。
伊丽莎白给她的继承人留下了一个困难的、不稳定的国家。尤其在经济和宗教上许多问题没有解决。她最主要的贡献在于她关心她的臣民，捍卫了她的统治，使用了好的顾问。她的统治帮助英格兰避免了经济上的危机和宗教战争。但17世纪中这场战争还是在拥护查理一世的保皇派和克伦威尔领导的新教徒间爆发了。
大众文化
在电影电视中，伊丽莎白女王的形象时常出现。包括：
电影：
Florence Eldridge出演，Mary of Scotland (1936)
Flora Robson出演，Fire Over England (1937), The Lion Has Wings (1939)， The Sea Hawk (1940)
贝蒂·戴维斯出演，伊丽莎白与埃塞克斯的私生活(The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex，1939)，童贞女王(The Virgin Queen，1955)
珍·西蒙斯(Jean Simmons)出演，Young Bess (1953)
Agnes Moorehead出演，The Story of Mankind (1957)
Quentin Crisp出演，Orlando (1993)
凯特·布兰切特出演，伊丽莎白(Elizabeth, 1998, 获奥斯卡最佳女主角提名)，及其续集伊丽莎白：黄金年代(Elizabeth: The Golden Age，2006年4月开拍)
茱蒂·丹契(Judi Dench)出演，莎翁情史 (Shakespeare in Love，1998，获奥斯卡最佳女配角奖)
电视：
Glenda Jackson出演，BBC电视剧集Elizabeth R(1971)，获艾美奖
Miranda Richardson出演，BBC情景喜剧Blackadder第二季
Anne-Marie Duff出演，BBC四集电视剧The Virgin Queen (2005)
海伦·米伦(Helen Mirren)出演，Channel 4二集电视剧Elizabeth I(2005/06)，获艾美奖
伊丽莎白二世
伊丽莎白二世（英语：Elizabeth II，全名：伊丽莎白·亚历山德拉·玛丽·温莎，英语：Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor，1926年4月21日—），现任英国君主，是英国、英联邦及15个成员国的国家元首，同时也是英国国教会的最高首领。她的头衔全称为“蒙上帝恩典，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国与其属土及领地之女王，伊丽莎白二世，英联邦之首，信仰的守护者”（Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of GREat Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith）。她于1952年2月6日登基，是目前在位时间第2长的国家元首(仅次于1946年上位的泰国泰王蒲美蓬·阿杜德)，在她作为国家元首的国度中大约生活着1.25亿人。
宪法地位
在英国，伊丽莎白二世的王位是根据1701年的《王位继承法》继承的，她是一名基督教新教徒，并且也未嫁给一名罗马天主教徒。尽管英国的王位一般是血缘继承，但是英国的国会自1688年光荣革命以后就一直有权决定谁来继承王位。（见英国王位继承）
在认可伊丽莎白二世为国家元首的15个英联邦国家中，她作为国家元首的地位是受到宪法承认的。原先这些国家都曾是英国的殖民地或自治领。早先的《威斯敏斯特法令》（Statute of Westminster）用来区分英国的殖民地和英帝国的自治领，根据该法令，“任何可能改变王位继承和王室头衔的法律都必须在获得英国议会和所有自治领议会的同意后才可实施。”而这15个在独立后继续承认女王（或国王）为其国家元首的国家事实上取得了近似于这种自治领的地位，虽然根据《威斯敏斯特法令》这些国家并非自治领，也无权单独决定改变继承方法。当伊丽莎白二世去世后她的后人将根据这些国家的宪法成为其国家元首，而非根据继承原则。
伊丽莎白二世为国家元首的16个国家：安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、加拿大、格林纳达、牙买加、新西兰(自1981年，作为新西兰国家元首的英王，兼任库克群岛的元首)、巴布亚新几内亚、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、所罗门群岛、图瓦卢、英国
早年生活
伊丽莎白二世出生在伦敦外祖父母的家中，她的曾祖母是亚历山德拉王后，祖母是玛丽王后。她的父亲当时还是约克公爵, 10年后成为乔治六世。
伊丽莎白在其母亲约克公爵夫人的督导下在家中接受教育。她的历史老师C·H·K·马丁是伊顿公学校长，除此之外她还学习各种语言（她的法语讲得很流利）。坎特伯雷大主教为她提供神学方面的指点，她一直是名虔诚的圣公会会友。
1936年伊丽莎白的伯父爱德华八世退位，她的父亲继位为国王，成为乔治六世，她也立即成为王位的继承人。第二次世界大战爆发时伊丽莎白13岁，她与妹妹玛格利特公主都到苏格兰的巴尔莫勒尔避难。当时有人建议两位公主应该到加拿大避难，遭她们母亲反对：“孩子们不能在没有我的情况下离开，我不能在没有国王的情况下离开，而国王不能在任何情况下离开。”1940年伊丽莎白公主首次发表广播，对象的是所有避难中的孩子。
1945年伊丽莎白公主说服父亲，允许她直接参与协助打赢战争。她参与了一个支援战争的妇女团体，在那里她的编号是第230873号伊莉莎白·温莎第二中尉。这是她第一次与其他孩子共同受训。据说她本人非常喜欢这次经验，也正是因为这次的经验，使她之后将自己的孩子送到学校上学，而不是让他们在家学习。
1947年伊丽莎白首次外访，她与她的父母亲到了南非。在她21岁生日那天她对英联邦和帝国做了广播，宣誓将终身投入到对英联邦和帝国人民的服务中。
1947年12月20日伊丽莎白与希腊的菲利浦王子结婚。菲利浦是她的第三代表哥，他俩的高祖母都是维多利亚女王（菲利浦王子在结婚前宣誓放弃希腊王位的继承权，在爱丁堡公爵这个头衔之前他没有任何头衔，就叫作菲利浦·蒙巴顿中尉）。伊丽莎白又同时持有爱丁堡公爵夫人的称号。这桩婚事非常适合一位即将继承王位的女性，因为她的夫君接受过王室训练，却又不会继任另一国的王位。但是这桩婚姻却不是刻意安排的，两人的关系经历了许多考验，最终也是在她本人的坚持下达成的。这些考验包括菲利浦不忠的流言，和伊丽莎白祖母和父母对於菲利浦的四个姐姐们都是德国籍王妃所引起的猜忌。 当时健在的三位姐姐不被邀请出席弟弟的婚礼, 母亲由于在英国出生及成长则获准出席.
婚后夫妇两人居住在伦敦的克莱伦斯宫（Clarence Palace）。他们育有四个孩子（见下）。虽然英国的王朝被称为温莎王朝，夫妇两人同意他们的孩子应该使用蒙巴顿-温莎（Mountbatten-Windsor）作为他们的姓氏。
从1951年起乔治六世的健康状况每况愈下，伊丽莎白开始代替父亲出席在公开场合中。那年她访问了希腊、意大利和马耳他（当时菲利浦随军驻扎在此）。10月她又访问了加拿大和华盛顿。1952年1月伊丽莎白和菲利浦又访问了澳大利亚与新西兰。2月6日他们在访问肯尼亚时得知伊丽莎白的父亲已经去世。在继位一刻她身处一家树上旅馆。她的加冕典礼于1953年6月2日在西敏寺举行。
女王生涯
在加冕之后伊丽莎白和丈夫菲利浦搬到了伦敦市中心的白金汉宫。但是像之前所有的国王一样，伊丽莎白并不喜欢居住在白金汉宫。对她而言，位于伦敦西部的温莎城堡才是她的家。她也有相当一段时间是在苏格兰的巴尔莫勒尔城堡度过的。
伊丽莎白女王是历史上外访最多的国君。1953年至1954年她和菲利浦花了半年时间周游世界，她也成为第一个访问澳大利亚、新西兰和斐济的在位君主。1957年10月她到美国进行国事访问，1959年则又访问了加拿大。1961年她首次访问印度和巴基斯坦。她访问过大多数欧洲国家和许多欧洲以外的地区，并经常出席英联邦首脑会议。
在伊丽莎白继位初期有许多人认为一个“新伊丽莎白时期”即将到来。但是事实上她必须面对英国的是一个分崩离析的落日帝国、逐渐衰弱的军事与经济强权和逐渐瓦解中的松散组织英联邦。她不断努力试图保持前殖民地与英国的特殊关系，在一些时候——例如南非——她为保持这种关系做出了重要的贡献。
伊丽莎白女王在宗教、道德标准和家庭事务上非常保守。她对待宗教责任十分严肃，并将她的加冕誓言看得很重。这是为什么她不太可能退位的原因之一。像她的母亲一样，伊丽莎白女王从来没有原谅爱德华八世选择退位，因为在她看来他抛弃了自己的职责，并迫使自己的父亲负担其这个责任，而这一责任又被视为是缩短其父亲寿命的罪魁祸首。她利用自己的权威阻止了她的妹妹玛格利特嫁给一个离过婚的男人。而多年来她也拒绝承认她的儿子查尔斯王储与情人卡米拉·帕克·鲍勒斯的关系。
政治上，她的立场则比较模糊，虽然她并非从未在公开场合上表达过她对政治的看法。她与所有政党中的许多政治人物都保持着友好的关系。一般认为她最喜欢的首相是温斯顿·丘吉尔、哈罗德·麦克米伦和哈罗德·威尔逊。她最不喜欢的首相当然是戴卓尔夫人。她与前任首相，也是第一位在她继承王位之年出生的首相托尼·贝理雅的关系则相当不错。
女王只有在那些可能影响到英国统一的议题上公开她的立场。她曾表示支持英格兰与苏格兰继续保持统一，因此激怒了一些苏格兰民族主义者。她对北爱尔兰《贝尔法斯特协议》的赞誉也引起了很多联邦主义者的反对。
虽然王室其他成员经常引起许多争议，特别是女王的孩子们在1980年代和1990年代所经历的婚姻问题，女王本人较少引发争议，并基本上受到英国人民的尊敬和爱戴。虽然与过去相比有所放松，她在公开场合中表现得依然十分正式。由于她在公开场合中不愿表达自己的情感，使得英国公众无法对她产生更深的感情。
伊丽莎白二世从来都没有不受到欢迎，至少没有比维多利亚女王在其统治时期更不受欢迎。唯一一次引起公众不满的是在1997年戴安娜王妃去世后，女王和王室其他成员并没有参加公众悼念活动。这引起许多一般都是亲王室的小报的批评，让英国人觉得王室冷漠、不近人情。
许多人认为，女王不太喜欢戴安娜，认为她对王室产生破坏作用。最后由于巨大的公众压力全体王室成员不得不在王妃的灵柩经过白金汉宫时向它鞠躬。女王也罕见地以电视直播的形式表达对戴安娜去世的哀悼。伊丽莎白二世的这种改变可能是王太后和贝理雅游说的结果。
1997年以后伊丽莎白二世就重新获得了之前那种受人尊敬的国家元首之形象。2002年全国为她庆祝登基50年大典，当年她巡游了全英国，对多个英联邦国家做了国事访问，还出席了多场游行活动与音乐会。6月，数千人聚集在白金汉宫外参加名为“王宫派对”的活动，全英各地的许多音乐家都云集在此表演。令人伤感的是庆祝活动期间王太后却不幸去世。
在她的母亲和妹妹去世后，她与她的子女的关系有所亲近。她与她的媳妇威塞克斯伯爵夫人的关系特别融洽。不过她与她的儿子查尔斯王储还是很少见面。虽然她不支持王储与卡米拉的关系，最近她曾多次公开暗示已经能够接纳卡米拉。另一方面她与她的孙子孙女之间的关系非常亲密，特别是威廉王子和扎拉·菲利浦斯。
2003年，一向身体健康的女王进行了三项手术。1月她动手术移除了右膝盖破碎的软骨，12月又在左膝盖进行了类似的手术，并又修补了脸部的器官损害。外界曾经猜测这是由于皮肤癌引起的，不过白金汉宫表示女王并无大碍。
最近的一系列手术让人担忧伊丽莎白女王操劳过度，应该多加休息。虽然女王已经年届80，她本人已经公开表示无意退位。许多接近伊丽莎白的人说女王不可能自行退位。但是她同意让她的子女负担更多国事活动。她也开始减少外访次数（一般来说她每年都会做两次国事访问和两次英联邦国家的访问）。但像她的母亲，她只有到身体无法负荷的那天才会停止工作。
最近几年公众发现伊丽莎白女王在公众场合表现出更多的情绪。虽然她大多数时候还是保持国君的庄严形象，她开始在公众场合微笑，并在为911事件死难者举行的西敏寺悼念会上流泪。
政治角色
在英国，女王是立法程序中的重要组成部分，她与上议院和下议院共同构成了整个立法机构。但在实际上，女王的权力只是象征性的。女王能够合法地批准或否决法案，但是自1707年以来就从来没有一个英国君主曾经否决过法案。在每年新一届议会开幕是女王也按惯例需要发表讲话，勾划该年度的立法议程，但是这些讲稿都由她的大臣们负责撰写。
女王在行政机关也拥有象征性的角色。英国政府被称为“女王政府”（Her Majesty's Government），技术上是由女王负责任命大臣。但事实上女王不能任命或罢免大臣、官员；首相一职一般由下议院多数党领袖担任，然后由首相“建议”女王任命其他内阁成员。而且英国政府也不向女王负责，它必须向下议院负责，即间接地向英国选民负责。女王也参与到国家的司法体制中，法庭以她的名义行事，政府也为了女王提起公诉。
但是女王不能作为国家元首被起诉或控告，她也不能作为个人被控告（虽然君主作为一个法律实体是可以被控告的）。不过在英国法律中女王却是一个自然人，必须像其他所有人一样遵守法律。但是女王是否能够在触犯法律时被控告却是未定的。在17世纪的英国革命期间，议会曾经控告查理一世叛国，但在查理二世上台后整个过程被宣告非法。
首相必须每周会见女王，这种会面是十分正式且严肃的。对首相来说，与女王的会面可能要比接收下议院质询更加重要，因为首相给女王的汇报往往更加详细、坦诚。即使是反对君主制的首相们也十分看重与女王的会面。
女王也经常会见苏格兰首席大臣（Scottish First Minister）。曾经是苏格兰君主们居住的王室宫殿荷里路德宫（Palace of Holyroodhouse）也重新得到利用，现在一般都有一名王室成员居住在此（往往是威尔斯亲王）。女王也查阅威尔斯议会的报告。
虽然传统上女王不得直接介入政治，已经在位多年的女王是自丘吉尔以来所有首相的密友，再加上她对世界领袖们的良好关系，使得她所表达的每一点意见都会被首相们仔细斟酌考虑。
个人形象
女王从未接受过媒体采访，因此除了少数曾与女王对话过的外国元首外很少有人知道她的政治立场与观点。据报导女王的朋友很少，她宁愿与马和威尔斯柯基犬作伴。女王的着装十分保守，喜欢单色外套和各种不同的帽子。她很少改变自己的外形，例如在她继位后她的发型就很少改变。她的个人形象与公众疏远，因此经常成为漫画家和模仿演员讽刺的题材。
虽然女王经常出席各种文化活动，据称在她的私人时间内她对艺术不太感兴趣，宁愿将整个晚上的时间花在拼板游戏上也不愿从事其他艺术活动。她对音乐和绘画的冷漠招致许多文艺评论家的批评，他们形容女王为“没有审美感的国君”。
外交场合上女王非常正式，与她会面时的礼仪繁多。虽然一些会见英国君主时传统的礼仪（如鞠躬）已经被取消，任何较亲密的交流，例如触碰，都是不被允许的。因此，前澳洲总理基廷在一次女王访问澳洲时轻轻搂着女王的腰，尽管他个人辩称是一种对长者的尊重表现，亦被保王派指为「对女王不敬」。
不过在私底下有报道却称女王非常喜欢一些“有伤风化”的幽默，她的侍女们还经常向她“报告”王宫内新的小道传闻。私底下的女王非常平易近人，并且真心关切为她工作的侍从们。
几乎每一位与她工作过的首相都给予女王极高的评价。自她登基的那天起她每天平均花3个小时在国事上，阅读各个部门和首相府送来的文件。正因如此，她可以向首相白高敦提供许多有益的忠告。
茜茜公主
伊丽莎白·亚美莉·欧根妮（Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie，1837年12月24日出生于德国慕尼黑，1898年9月10日在瑞士日内瓦被刺身亡），但通常被家人与朋友昵称为茜茜（Sisi），是巴伐利亚女公爵与公主，后来成为奥地利皇后兼匈牙利王后。
茜茜这个名字经常在小说和电影里被错写为Sissi，茜茜本人签名时可能使用Lisi，但因为手写体的字母往往难区分而被误解为是Sisi。
生平
伊丽莎白是巴伐利亚的马科西米利安·约瑟夫公爵（维特尔斯巴赫家族的一个旁支）与同宗的路多维卡公主（巴伐利亚国王马克西米利安一世的女儿）的八女。她在施塔恩贝格湖畔的帕萨霍森城堡长大，周遭的环境没有繁文缛节而且自由自在，由于父母在王宫里没有任何职务和义务。 所以绰号疯子麦斯的父亲常年云游四海。母亲则是将所有的心血都用来栽培美丽的姐姐海伦以便她将来成为一名皇后。
1853年伊丽莎白随她母亲与姐姐海伦赴奥地利伊舍，原定计划是海伦应当在那里引起其表哥、奥地利皇帝弗兰茨·约瑟夫一世的注意。 但出乎意外的是弗兰茨·约瑟夫一世竟然爱上了未满16岁的伊丽莎白。 两人于1854年4月24日在维也纳结婚。 弗兰茨·约瑟夫将伊舍的行宫作为结婚礼物送给了伊丽莎白。 此后这座行宫被改建成了一个E字形。
从一开始伊丽莎白就很难接受哈布斯堡王朝宫廷内所使用的严格的宫廷规矩，因此她在皇宫里非常孤立。她本人喜欢骑马、读书和艺术，而这些又是维也纳宫廷无法理解的。婚后她很快生了三个孩子：索菲（1855年—1857年）、吉赛拉（1856年—1932年）和太子鲁道夫（1858年—1889年）。但被婆婆苏菲剥夺子女们的抚养权，她与弗兰茨·约瑟夫之间的关系开始恶化，遗传下来的精神不稳定也越来越明显。 她的儿子出生后不久她就离开了奥地利长期旅行，其中去了马德拉、英国和匈牙利。
伊丽莎白始终对匈牙利民族持同情心，1867年奥地利-匈牙利折衷方案达成后她与她的丈夫一起在布达被加冕为匈牙利女王。
此后不久她生了她的第四个孩子，玛丽·瓦莱丽（1868年—1924年），这次她坚持要按自己的方式抚养这个孩子。 这是伊丽莎白与她丈夫弗兰茨·约瑟夫短暂和好的日子， 她是伊丽莎白的爱女，也是父母之间的传话筒。 但此后不久伊丽莎白就又开始了她漫无目的的旅行生活。1890年她开始在希腊的科福岛上建一座宫殿。她称这座宫殿为阿喀琉斯宫，并在宫前树立了一座阿喀琉斯的像。伊丽莎白非常喜欢阿喀琉斯，因为两人同样的倔强。但后来她对这座宫殿又丧失了兴趣，1907年这座宫殿被卖给了德国皇帝威廉二世。
逝世
1889年她的儿子，30岁的奥地利太子鲁道夫与他的女友一起在他的行宫里自杀，伊丽莎白从此陷入忧郁症，再也没有恢复过来。伊丽莎白毕生始终在别人身上找错，因此这次她也将她唯一的儿子的死归罪于他人。
从此以后她只穿黑衣服，在她的周围她收集了许多已故之人的东西：阿喀琉斯、海因里希·海涅和她的堂弟路德维希二世。有时她梦到她自己的死，有时她会在海上希望会起大风暴，这样她可以与她的船一起沉入大海。
1898年9月10日在日内瓦被意大利无政府主义者卢伊季·卢切尼用一把磨尖的锉刀刺杀身亡。卢切尼本来想刺杀奥尔良公爵，但奥尔良公爵临时将他的行程改变了。而伊丽莎白当时虽然匿名在日内瓦逗留，但报纸上还是报道了她的行踪，因此卢切尼决定刺杀伊丽莎白。
她的最后一句话是：“出了什么事？”她被葬在维也纳的皇家墓室里。
神化
在奥地利与匈牙利进行折衷方案的谈判中伊丽莎白使用非官方途径起了很大的作用。她的作用在奥地利的官方历史中只被简短地提到，但在匈牙利她直到今天依然被尊为一位国家的圣人。
在20世纪伊丽莎白成为了一个代表性人物，在这一点上她可以与戴安娜王妃相比：一个喜爱自由的，被束缚在陈腐的宫廷仪式中的人。许多作家、电影编剧、戏剧作家都从她的生平中吸取题材。
1955年，因罗密·施奈德与卡尔海因茨伯姆合演电影《茜茜公主》(茜多音字 亦读西xi )而使她的名字广为人知，但注意的是，电影与原著小说的原文片名《Sissi》与公主实际上的小名《Sisi》在拼字上有点出入。
伊丽莎白总是觉得她与1856年在巴黎逝世的海涅同心相契，将她自己看作海涅的学生，说海涅亲自告诉她怎样写诗。她决定她在1880年代写的诗在1950年被发表。实际上这些诗一直到1980年代才被发表。
20世纪80年代，伊丽莎白被封存70多年的诗歌体日记得以重见天日。布莉吉特·哈曼（Brigitte Hamann）女士出版了伊丽莎白的诗歌和绘画，在进行解析后，撰写了一本传记：《伊丽莎白：不情愿的皇后》（Elisabeth, Kaiserin Wider Willen），首次向人们完整展示了和过往影视演绎截然不同的，伊丽莎白真实的一生。
1992年9月3日，取材于这部传记，一部由Michael Kunze编剧，Sylvester Levay作曲的音乐剧Elisabeth，首演于维也纳大剧院并创下了当地票房的历史纪录，“重振维也纳戏剧艺术的辉煌”，自此成为迄今最成功的德语音乐剧。尽管维也纳原版停演于1998年4月25日（正巧是伊丽莎白逝世一百周年），它依然极受欢迎，各个不同版本在其他欧洲城市纷纷上演：匈牙利，荷兰，瑞典，德国，意大利，芬兰。日本宝冢剧团从1996年开始上演日本版，并在剧中添加了几首新的歌曲。2003年，《伊丽莎白》再次回到了维也纳大剧院，并在2005年12月4日落幕。从2003年开始，已有30万人观看了这部音乐剧的维也纳版现场，
在维也纳的霍夫堡皇宫里有一个展示她的私生活的伊丽莎白博物馆。
伊丽莎白二世 (Queen Elizabeth II) ，全称为“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国与其他国土和领地之女王，联邦的元首”。１９２６年４月２１日生于伦敦，原名为伊丽莎白·亚历山德拉·玛丽 (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary)，是英国温莎王朝第四代君主、英王乔治六世的长女。自幼在皇宫内接受教育，主修宪法史和法律。她在历史、语言和音乐方面有造诣，能流利地讲法语、西班牙语和德语。第二次世界大战后期参加英国本土辅助部队，接受驾驶和维修摩托车的训练。１９４７年７月９日，她与远房表兄、希腊和丹麦亲王菲利普·蒙巴顿中尉（现为爱丁堡公爵，菲利普亲王）订婚，同年１１月２０日结婚。
伊丽莎白二世于１９５１年开始代表英王乔治六世出席各种正式场合。１９５２年２月６日国王逝世，她继承王位。１９５３年６月２日加冕。２００３年１２月，伊丽莎白二世在伦敦爱德华七世医院接受脸部和膝部外科手术。医生切除了女王脸部的一块坏皮与左膝盖中的破碎软骨。
女王是英国世袭国家元首，除英国外，女王同时也是澳大利亚、新西亚、加拿大等国家的元首。
伊丽莎白二世有三子一女。长子查尔斯王子为王位继承人、次子安德鲁、三子爱德华、女儿艾丽斯·路易丝公主。
伊丽莎白二世于１９８６年１０月访问中国，是英国历史上第一位来华访问的国家元首。
伊丽莎白·泰勒
伊丽莎白·泰勒（英文名：Elizabeth Taylor）一直被看做是美国电影史上最具有好莱坞色彩的人物：由童星成长起来的她貌美如花，她可以清纯，也可以妖艳，她的魅力、演技使她夺得3次奥斯卡奖，曾经的放纵，也使她显得肥胖和衰老。她的美貌、她的电影、她的丈夫……使得半个多世纪以来的她始终是媒体追逐的目标。她仿佛是浓缩了的好莱坞样本：艺术、美貌、金钱、爱情和注定要失败的婚姻。
2000年她被英国女王授予爵士勋章，表彰她对电影事业作出的非凡贡献。年事已高的她如今被人尊称为“玉婆”，置身于慈善事业，尤其是艾滋病的防治。
动漫人物
动漫《银魂》中的人物名，形态是一只大企鹅，真实身份似乎是一个腿毛很重的大叔。
伊丽莎白·班纳特
《傲慢与偏见》中的女主人公，聪敏机智，有胆识，有远见，有很强的自尊心，并善于思考问题。就当时一个待字闺中的小姐来讲，这是难能可贵的。正是由于这种品质，才使她在爱情问题上有独立的主见，并导致她与达西组成美满的家庭。
伊丽莎白咖啡
【中文名称】：伊丽莎白咖啡
【英文名称】：Elisaleth Coffee
【材 料】：意大利热咖啡8分满、紫罗兰利口酒15毫升、鲜奶油适量、紫罗兰花少许、紫罗兰花粉1茶匙
【制 法】：将热咖啡倒入杯中约8分满，加入紫罗兰香甜酒，上面再旋转挤入一层鲜奶油，放紫罗兰花、撒上紫罗兰花粉。
【详细说明】
酒的分量要正确，切勿多加。不喝酒的可改为紫罗兰糖浆15～30毫升。紫罗兰花粉是专业制作的产品，为细粉状。
Elizabeth (English: Elizabeth or Elisabeth) from the Hebrew of the Christian woman.
On the name
Name meaning
"Elizabeth" This name originated in Hebrew names to Lishaba (א ֱ ל ִ י ש ֶ ׁ ב ַ ע), in the Old Testament of this is the name of Aaron's wife. "Lishaba" the literal meaning is "to swear in the name of God." Early in the GREek text of the Bible, the name will be written to the Greek form of Ελισάβετ. European countries homology name is derived from the Greek form.
Various languages in the form of
English: Elisabeth or Elizabeth
German: Elisabeth
Russian: Елизаве ́ та
Italian: Elisabetta
Romanian: Elisabeta
Hungarian: Erzsébet
Main variants
Isabella
Notables
Monarchs and aristocrats:
Elizabeth I, Queen of England.
Elizabeth II, Queen of England.
Bavaria Elizabeth's nickname Sisi (Sisi), the Duke of Bavaria and Princess woman, and later became Queen Austria and Hungary queen, commonly known as Qianqiangongzhu.
Others:
Elizabeth Taylor (Elizabeth Taylor), the United States actress.
Elizabeth Hurley (Elizabeth Hurley), the British actress, model, film producers and designers.
Shite where Elizabeth (Elizabeth Stefan)
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (Elizabeth I), 1533 7 September Born in GREenwich, on March 24, 1603 in the death of Surrey, in November 17, 1558 to March 24, 1603 the Queen of England and Ireland, is the Tudor Dynasty fifth and final one monarch. She is also the name of France Queen.未嫁her life, was known as the "Virgin Queen." Also known as the "glory of the Queen" (Gloriana), "Wise Queen" (Good Queen Bess). In her previous order of Tudor monarchs is Henry VII and Henry VIII, Edward VI, and her sister Mary异母lives.
When she ascended the throne of England at the internal split due to the chaotic state of religion, but she has not only succeeded in maintaining the unity of England, but after nearly half a century of rule, to England to become Europe's most powerful, richest countries in the world. England during this culture also has reached a peak, has produced many well-known figures such as, including playwright William Shakespeare, and Chris Tuofumaluo classes Jieming Johnson; poet laureate Aidemeng history Binsha "Aw after" dedicated to her; Sir Francis Drake during his tenure of office as the first part of the British Air Earth; Sir Francis Bacon published his philosophy and political views; Huada Raleigh and Sir Han mandrax rationale Gibrat Sir established British colony in North America. She rule period in British history to be called "Elizabeth period," also known as the "golden age."
Elizabeth cautious people, her motto is "Mingcui speechless" (video et taceo, Latin, literally translated as "I watched, and I am silent"). Shen was awarded the honor of the post and was granted during her reign characteristics. For almost 45 years, in England and only granted eight aristocratic title: a Count title, seven Baroness title in Ireland with only one delegate Baroness title. She and the members of the Privy Council from 39 to 19 people, later reduced to 14.
Virginia (formerly the British colony of the United States is a state) is her "Virgin Queen" to the name of the title.
Childhood
Elizabeth was born in London Puleisenxi Palace, she was Henry VIII's second and his Queen Anne Boleyn only surviving child. As her parents by the Protestant religious marriage, the Catholic Church that she is an illegitimate child. She was born designated as heir to the throne, her half-sister Mary as her waitress officials. Three-year-old Elizabeth, her mother, was sentenced to death of treason, one year after Henry VIII and his third Queen Jane Seymour birth to a boy on: Edwards. Elizabeth and Mary Edwards have become the servants.
Henry was the queen who was stripped of the two Princess title following the women are good, I have often Henry concern their growth, they are well educated and reliable friend and partner of the same age. Henry died in 1547, his last Kaiselinmoer who queen and her new husband Thomas Seymour (Jane Seymour he is the new king's brother and uncle Edward VI) conservation Elizabeth. Seymour was attracted by the young Elizabeth, his wife died, he had intended to marry her as a woman, but he and his brother Edward Seymour later in a series of power struggles were executed.
Elizabeth by good education, her teachers, including Britain's famous Renaissance humanist Luojieashikan. She has been classical, history, mathematics, poetry and language education. During her rule, and said she can write six languages: English, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin and GREek. In Kaiselinmoer and her other teachers under the influence of Elizabeth as a Protestant.
In her brother during his lifetime, her position is relatively stable, but Edwards in 1553 because of tuberculosis or arsenic poisoning death. Kum Geleifu people only had nine days the Queen, her home was overturned Weng accomplices, and was subsequently executed power of the Queen Mary. Mary is a devout Catholic, she converted to Catholicism forced Elizabeth. Although on the surface Elizabeth Ban on, but heart is still a Protestant. Mary this very dissatisfied. There are even a short time, Elizabeth was held to Tower. Some people think that she is here to know she was loved Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester, but more likely that they had known in childhood has.
Elizabeth-the life, but Mary and Spain's King Philip II's wedding makes reintegration of the Catholic Church in England has increased the possibility of this people and England are very dissatisfied with the aristocracy. 1558 Mary I died without son, she became the legal successor to Elizabeth. British Parliament reiterated the provisions of King Henry VIII's Elizabeth as a successor arrangement.
Coronation
Elizabeth on January 15, 1559 was crowned in Westminster for the Queen, her position was precarious. She was the coronation day of the famous British mathematician and astrologer Shidihan Dee selected, and said it particularly auspicious. To her coronation is Kalishile bishops, he is in the church community was able to find the highest recognition of the legal status of her people. The same year she has been signed to end the war Cardoso Italy - Kyrgyzstan Hom to accompany the treaty.
Political
Elizabeth 44 during the rule of the struggle against the British religious differences very strong. 1530 years of Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church, the Anglican establishment. Edward VI during the brief rule of the doctrine of the Anglican Church has improved steadily. Anglican Church during the reign of Queen Mary I, lost its dominant position. Elizabeth restored the status of the Anglican Church. Elizabeth rule in the first two years, she issued a supreme decree of a single law and that King is also the supreme leader of the Church.
Although she tried to religious extremism to find a compromise between the faction of the road to follow, but she is a Protestant. Especially in the Irish Catholics and the other is that the infidels were persecuted. Weiliansaixier her closest political advisers, she specially created for Cecil Lord of the Kimberley this title. Cecil died in 1598, his son, Robert Cecil became Queen Elizabeth's closest advisers, but Robert is far from his father's ability to achieve. She management institutions is another important figure of Sir Francis Huaxing Han. Huaxing Han in the whole of Europe set up a spy network. He can guarantee that all of the Queen of the conspiracy was as far as he knew.
Successor
Elizabeth on her biggest criticism is not to provide a successor. Others had always thought she would get married and have children, many people seek her, including her former brother-in-law, King Philip of Spain, as well as the Earl of Leicester her Long Chen. Many people believe that she is the Earl of Leicester's wife. Elizabeth is wise to avoid them. A few years later, when she was the consolidation of the rule, it is becoming increasingly clear that she will not get married and have children has.
When people ask her why she is not married, she mentioned her sister during the rule of her situation. Queen Mary when she is not only the most taboo, but rebels such as Sir Tuomashifute also used her name. She therefore wise to recognize that if she designation of a successor, she's status would be curtailed, and that at one stroke can give her enemies to provide a stimulus, because they can take advantage of this successor to oppose her. But no successor will not be in England before she died circumstances into civil war. This is 1562 she almost died from smallpox at this point very clearly. For a period of time Elizabeth has been seriously considered get married and have children. However, a Catholic husband is not obvious, and the husband of a Protestant such as Lester Earl court will immediately increase the sectarian struggle. Whatever her chosen Everyone will have no good results. Regardless of her personal orientation, and the situation she was in any consideration-not materialize.
She was there is a number of possible successors, but Elizabeth has not considered them. Her niece Table Queen Machishituete Scotland is a Catholic. In her before he fled from Scotland, and even then she has been a very possible successor. Mary Elizabeth Although after being accepted by her, but she will be imprisoned to protect Mary Mary unable to threaten her position. Mary's son James was still a child, he was not in the test before he would not be taken into account. Other candidates it is not likely. Elizabeth one of the crash, Lady Jane GREy's sister Catherine Geleifu because of marriage contrary to the wishes of Elizabeth angered Elizabeth. Kaiselingelei sister is a piggy back Maligelei Dwarfs. Elizabeth has been at the Mary I hope Scotland will be in accordance with Protestant and Ban Elizabeth considered reliable find a husband, so she jailed in England in the Queen Mary during her successor will be a question of pushing再推.
At the same time she continue to have the possibility of marriage. She had considered many in France, the Prince of finding a husband. The first proposal is smaller than her 20-year-old Henry Duke of Orleans (and later Henry III), was king of the way the younger brother of Charles IX. When the proposal was rejected, she also considered the king of the way younger brother Francois Alangsong Duke. But the premature deaths François make this scheme also bankrupt.
Finally in 1568 she qualified to be a successor of England, Catherine Geleifu people dead. Elizabeth was forced to once again consider the Scottish Queen Mary. Mary Elizabeth recommendations and the Earl of Leicester marriage, but Mary rejected this proposal. But when Mary's son James has been a Protestant education. 1570 king of the way to convince Mary Elizabeth return to Scotland. But Elizabeth made many harsh demands, one of which is to allow James to stay in England. Nevertheless Cecil or her advisers continue to try to help Mary to Scotland. But the Scots refused to accept the Queen, therefore attempted.
Elizabeth marriage and personal life has always been a people's issue. Known as the "Virgin Queen" does not mean that her life no sex life. She alive when there are many illegitimate child rumor, the Earl of Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of Essex, Robert Devereux, and so is generally considered her Qingfu. But on the other hand, there are rumors that her unmarried life because they can not fertility, because she might even have some of the functional deficiencies. Biographer Stephen Zweig, Lee Dayton Shitelaiqi that hold this view.
The end of religious tolerance
While this new pope asylum V on February 25, 1570 to eliminate the Education Elizabeth membership. This makes Elizabeth unable to continue her religious tolerance policy.
At the same time her enemies on her plot also makes her very furious. 20 to Mary Elizabeth has been trying not to challenge. But when she into her Catholic sympathizers in the plot. The mastermind of the conspiracy is Anthony Babington, the aim is to rescue the Queen Mary that she was Elizabeth and substituting. Elizabeth, this is for a good enemy to eliminate this major opportunity. She executed in 1587 by the Queen Mary (It is said that she was not willing under this Order).
The war with Spain
Elizabeth French Protestants Henglisishi to provide troops and money to allow him to the French throne. In his eight-year war in the Netherlands to the Orange Order Protestant Prince William I (silent) provide the army against Spain to let him rule. Not only that, in 1568, Sir Frank Drake and Sir Dihanhejinshi a Slave leadership of the Spanish Royal Navy Fleet was seriously injured after Spain's Finance Fleet constantly being shipped England pirates looting. King Philip II of Spain decided to Mary's death as an excuse to repel invasion of England in England to Spain in the European continent and the challenges of its overseas colonies.
1588, Spain invincible to the fleet towards England. Elizabeth regardless of the parties for her personal safety concerns, Tilbury in Essex County without armor guards Not reviewed the Navy, and has published a history of one of the most famous speech. After using location and weather conditions, the English navy defeated the invading invincible Fleet, Elizabeth with the news after only six entourage left the fortress to the town with her subjects to celebrate the victory.
Nevertheless, in 1589 Spain beat England counter of a larger fleet. The war has been extended to 1604, the two sides effectively tied for first place, both in the sea or on land in England and could not prevail. Starting from the 1594 outbreak in Ireland is also a guerrilla war.
Elizabeth Chong Chen is the last years of Robert Devereux, who is the step-son of the Earl of Leicester. She even forgave some of his misdemeanour, but Robert participate in a 1601 riot, Elizabeth was forced to his death.
Death
Elizabeth never married, her death is the end of the Tudors. In her old age, when she had to identify her successor, she was more inclined to table her grandniece, she executed the Scottish Queen Mary's son James. But she has never officially named his successor. March 24, 1603 she died of Richmond Surrey Palace. She was buried in Westminster. She is the successor to James lives. James has become the time of James VI of Scotland. At that time, England and Scotland Goal of a monarchy, a dynasty's rule, the British began the process of reunifying the first joint ─ ─ royal family, but England and Scotland two countries still maintain its own independent operation of the government. She died 50 years later, the British outbreak of the civil war, the United Kingdom has become a short-lived republic.
British culture
Elizabeth is the United Kingdom during the cultural development of an important period. Literature, especially poetry and drama has entered a golden age. British study on the other continents, especially for the Americas inspected entered a new stage. Like her father, she also engaged in writing and translation, she personally translated Horace "Poetic Art." She had some of the speech and translation work has been circulated so far.
And evaluation of effects
Elizabeth is the most popular British monarch in history. In 2002, the BBC presided over by the election of the people "of the GREatest 100 British," the Elizabeth ranked seventh, more than the rest of the UK on behalf of all the other kings. 2005, in the History Channel (History Channel), the documentary "Britain's greatest monarchs," the historians and commentators of 12 British monarch, as well as their score (based on six indices, such as military force and influence, full marks for 60 points), Elizabeth won the maximum 48 points.
She often appeared in the drama or fiction. 1971 Glenda Jackson shooting of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mary and the popularity of Scotland. 1998 Kaitebulan Blanchett plays Queen Elizabeth in a young man, Judith Deji Shawengqingshi play in the old Queen. Miranda Richardson in a television soap operas and performing in a Dodge Viper surrealistic the Queen. Homosexual pioneer Hundingkelishipu she played in Orlando. Benjamin Bulidu in his Elizabeth II's coronation praise for the opera and she described the relationship between Robert Devereux. The end of 2007, the sequel to the film Elizabeth "Elizabeth: The Golden Age" (Elizabeth: The Golden Age) exhibition, still playing Kaitebulanqiete Queen, the Queen described the throne after a series of Wenchiwugong.
Later, the British rulers, the rule of Elizabeth and then many people have special significance. Sir Walter Laleige, Derrek Madingfuluo Bichet and jazz became the prototype of the explorer, William Shakespeare, Sir Christopher Fumaluo and Sir Francis Bacon as the future generations of writers model. On the religious issue Elizabeth Although ruled with an iron fist, but at the same time compared to her opponent on the mainland, she give her commanders and advisers GREater freedom. Elizabeth period of relative political openness, but also resulted in publicizing the "monarchical power delegated God" from the Stuart dynasty to enter Scotland, England all walks of life because of the contrast between the strong start to the pursuit of democracy, freedom and values, and ultimately triggered the civil war and the establishment of British World the first democratic regime one of the important causes.
Although she sometimes drawing up military action strategies (such as England in 1589 to Spain and Portugal Expeditionary), but she has never been Henry V, Oliver Cromwell or, as Sir Winston Churchill himself as military leaders. Many military or captain of the expedition are the cause of personal decision, the Royal permission (especially for piracy) is the replacement later. At that time, the literature is not receive the support of the Royal. So many times Elizabeth events and cultural creation is actually the sum of many individual actions. Later on, especially during the British imperialism, this is a symbolic significance.
On the other hand, many historians also made a criticism of the era of Elizabeth. Some modern European historians and biographers have always questioned the beginning of the Tudor era of positive (for example: Somerset, Guy, Haigh, Ridley, Elton). From the military perspective, Elizabeth of England is not very successful. Although Fleet was defeated Spain invincible, but it is only a from 1585 to 1604 nearly 20 years of the start of the war. England soldiers on the land (mainly in the Netherlands and France) done modest, in 1588 after the naval battle in the less-is more negative. 1589 and 1595-1596 naval battle especially heavy losses. 1590-91 in the Azores and England in 1597 were also against the Pirates. 1595 Spain attacks a landing team in Cornwall and most parts of the county into war. This is rarely the history of several foreign troops landing in the United Kingdom one of the events. Even worse is that in the last few years of the Queen Mary I, Elizabeth and the beginning of five years in England constantly being expelled from France on the continent. This gives the pride of England gave a GREat blow, and that England completely abandon its ambitions in the mainland.
Elizabeth's hesitant decisions, particularly to the disadvantage of the military action. In 1589 Spain and Portugal on the expedition in the siege of the British garrison did not carry guns and cannons. But her care is a reason, perhaps because they are long-term considerations: Without a solid strategy to her involvement in England expensive is not necessarily successful adventure. She therefore unwilling to deal with a powerful army or fleet operations at the waste of precious resources.
Elizabeth during England's economy is unstable. At that time, England and the Netherlands Northern Germany Lufthansa Union Wool Exchange growing, and this will bring a lot of benefits. Elizabeth initially accepted the rule of Queen Mary left 3 million pounds of huge debts. Elizabeth, and her Xisaier other officials have to take extreme measures to limit state spending. These means sometimes brings other difficulties, as many soldiers (including resistance invincible Fleet soldiers) are not long salary. But with the development of this country's economic situation improved. When the war with Spain at the start of England's economic success from Henry VII is not seen before.
Spain and England to the war brought the economy to a tremendous burden. England from 1590 to the beginning of liabilities. Ireland especially to the guerrilla war in England brought GREat economic losses, it was known as "England treasury funnel." Elizabeth had to sell state-owned land, as well as official. 1603 England again reach 3 million pounds of debt, and Elizabeth rule at the beginning of almost. But later James I, in times of peace debt far exceeds the speed of Elizabeth, and Elizabeth left behind is not beyond the control of the debt.
Elizabeth rule on the recent criticism particularly concentrated in the African slave trade in England and Ireland, she unwise. This unwise has seriously affected the development of the United Kingdom and Ireland. England in 1562 to join the trans-Atlantic slave trade activities, and at that time, Sir Dihanhejinshi began selling high-profit steal the slaves activities. He Guinea from African ports or other human goods he received, and then shipped to the West Indies captured the Spanish slave market betrayed. Queen Elizabeth began a scolding Hawkins participate in such an immoral trade, but when she revealed that he Hawkins to the cause of the profits, she quickly changed her views. She not only shielding Hawkins trade, but also directly benefit from, or even to provide him with vessels and personnel.
Queen Elizabeth Hawkins of the slave trade support for the trade to the Royal recognition, it makes the legalization of the trade, it makes more British businessmen to participate in any more. So Queen Elizabeth and the United States have been criticized as Thomas Jefferson: Although she is morally believe that this trade is not legitimate, but she still directly profit from the slave trade.
Starting from Hengliershi between England and Ireland on the existence of a political ties. But Tudor England to Ireland until the rule is very limited. Tudor started to strengthen the rule of the Irish aristocracy. Henry VIII severed after Ireland with the Catholic Church even exacerbate the problem, because Ireland is still predominantly Catholic. 1568 Spain to become rivals Ireland after the issue has become a security issue involving England. England to Ireland is notorious officials, they are corruption, the Irish without understanding, creating enemy everywhere. Small uprising was suppressed immediately. Elizabeth in 1570 after being expelled from the membership of the persecution of Catholics more intensified so that the relationship between the two peoples even worse. 1594 finally began 2009 outbreak of the war.
The war and four centuries in the United States after the Vietnam War almost with the situation. Ireland insurgents use guerrilla warfare to weaken and defeat means to suppress them, well-equipped and trained soldiers England. England, the war especially expensive. British troops of several huge losses. British troops have adopted a scorched-earth policy Finally, if Ireland were suspected of participating in resistance, he killed the whole family, the British burning of fields, destruction of farms, created an unprecedented artificial famine.
1604 James I, in his first order of apology to Ireland before the end of the war. But the cruelty of the war to Ireland to the British people of hatred, hostility and mistrust have been genetic.
But participation in the slave trade in England and Ireland, according to the prevailing policy in the view of the situation. Although Elizabeth Hawkins trade on the moral be accused, but she was facing 3 million pounds of huge debts. Hawkins to provide her with the economic resources is not rejected by her. Elizabeth regardless of how the United Kingdom during the slave trade is much smaller than Spain and Portugal, the Netherlands was also less than in the 17th century slave trade.
Elizabeth's policy on Ireland to Spain for her as a "Catholic backdoor" fear. This issue from the Protestant reform in the country unwise. It can not simply be resolved. Of course, Elizabeth and her officials in Ireland undoubtedly exacerbated by the policy of this conflict, but it is also strategic reasons.
Elizabeth left her successor a difficult and unstable country. Especially in the economic and religious many of the problems have not been solved. She is the most important contribution she concerned about her subjects, she defended the rule, the use of a good consultant. She helped England avoid the rule of the economic crisis and religious war. But the war in the 17th century or in support of the royalist Chailiyishi and Cromwell broke out between the leadership of the Protestants.
Popular Culture
In film and television, the image of Queen Elizabeth often arise. Include:
Film:
Florence Eldridge star, Mary of Scotland (1936)
Flora Robson star, Fire Over England (1937), The Lion Has Wings (1939), The Sea Hawk (1940)
Beididaiweishi star, Elizabeth and the privacy of Essex (The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex, 1939), the Virgin Queen (The Virgin Queen, 1955)
Simmons-zhen (Jean Simmons) star, Young Bess (1953)
Agnes Moorehead star, The Story of Mankind (1957)
Quentin Crisp star, Orlando (1993)
Kaitebulan Blanchett star, Elizabeth (Elizabeth, in 1998, was nominated for Best Actress Oscar), and its sequel Elizabeth: Golden Age (Elizabeth: The Golden Age, in April 2006 shooting)
Zhudidanjie (Judi Dench) star, Shawengqingshi (Shakespeare in Love, 1998, the Academy Award for best supporting actress)
TV:
Glenda Jackson star, the BBC TV series Elizabeth R (1971), the Emmy
Miranda Richardson star, the BBC comedy Blackadder scenes of the second quarter
Anne-Marie Duff star, the BBC four-episode TV series The Virgin Queen (2005)
Hailunmilun (Helen Mirren) appear, Channel 4 two-episode TV series Elizabeth I (2005/06), the Emmy
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (English: Elizabeth II, Full Name: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, English: Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, April 21, 1926 -), the current British monarch, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and 15 members of the heads of state, but also the highest Anglican leaders. She called the title "God's grace Mongolia, the United Kingdom and its dependent territories and territories of Queen Elizabeth II, the head of the Commonwealth, the guardian of faith" (Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of GREat Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith). She was on February 6, 1952 accession to the throne, is the No. 2 long time incumbent heads of state (after Thailand's 1946 Upper King Adunyadet Peng Po US), in her country as the head of state about 125 million people live.
Constitutional status
In the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II is based on the throne in 1701's "throne inheritance laws" inheritance, she is a Protestant Christian, and did not marry a Roman Catholic. Although the United Kingdom is generally blood inherit the throne, but the British Parliament since 1688 after the glorious revolution has the right to decide who will inherit the throne. (See the British throne succession)
Queen Elizabeth II in recognition of the head of state in 15 Commonwealth countries, her status as head of state is recognized by the Constitution. These countries have originally a British colony, or self-governing. Earlier "Westminster Act" (Statute of Westminster) to distinguish between British colony of the British Empire and Dominion, in accordance with the Act, "any possible change in the throne succession of the royal family and the legal title must be in the British parliament and all Dominion Parliament only after the implementation of the aGREement. "which is 15 in the post-independence continue to be recognized by the Queen (or King) for the heads of state of countries in fact have made such a self-governing status similar, although the" Westminster Act "These countries are not self-governing, but also the right to separate decided to change the method of succession. When Elizabeth II after the death of her descendants will be in accordance with the Constitution of the country such as its head of state, rather than in accordance with the principle of succession.
Queen Elizabeth II is head of state of 16 countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, GREnada, Jamaica, New Zealand (1981, as a New Zealand head of state King, also the Croatian Islands of heads of state), Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, United Kingdom
Early life
Queen Elizabeth II was born in London grandparent's home, she is the GREat-grandmother Queen Alexandra, Queen Mary is a grandmother. Her father, the then Duke of York, 10 years later become King George VI.
Elizabeth Duke of York in his mother's home under the supervision of education. Her history teacher C H K Martin is Eton public school, in addition she also learn the language (her very fluent French speakers). Archbishop of Canterbury to provide her with the theological guidance, she has always been a devout Anglican membership.
1936 Elizabeth's uncle Edward VIII's abdication, and her father succession for the Kings, a George VI, she immediately became the heir to the throne. Elizabeth outbreak of the Second World War 13 years old, she and her sister Princess Margaret are to Magelite Scottish Balmoral asylum. At that time it was suggested that Princess Margaret should be two to Canada asylum, were opposed to their mother: "The kids can not leave my circumstances, I can not leave the king's circumstances, and the king can not under any circumstances leave." 1940 Princess Elizabeth Broadcasting published for the first time, the object of all the children in the asylum.
1945 Princess Elizabeth to persuade his father to allow her directly involved in helping to win the war. She participated in a support the war women's groups, where she is the first No. 230873, Second Lieutenant Elizabeth Windsor. This is her first joint training with other children. She said I love this experience, but also because this experience, she will be followed by their children to school rather than let them learn at home.
Elizabeth, the first time in 1947 to visit her and her parents to South Africa. In her 21st birthday on the day she made the Commonwealth and Empire Broadcasting, will be sworn into the life of the Commonwealth and the people in the service of empire.
December 20, 1947 and Elizabeth married Prince Philip of GREece. Phillips is her third representative of Colombia, the two are high-grandmother Queen Victoria (Prince Philip before marriage oath to give up the right to inherit the throne in Greece, the Duke of Edinburgh title before he did not have any title, called on the Philippines Lieutenant Mountbatten Lee Pu). Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh at the same time holding the title of his wife. The marriage is about to inherit the throne for a woman, because she received the royal Fujun training, it will not be the successor of another State throne. But recent warplane-collision is not deliberately arranged marriage, the relationship between the two has experienced many tests and ultimately in her own insistence reached. These tests include Philips infidelity rumors, and parents and grandmother Elizabeth Phillips of the four sisters are caused by the German princess distrust. At that time, the three surviving sister was not invited to attend his brother's wedding, his mother was born in England and because growth was allowed to attend.
Married couple living in London Palace Clarence (Clarence Palace). They have four children (see below). Although the British dynasty known as Windsor dynasty, the couple aGREed that their children should use Mountbatten - Windsor (Mountbatten-Windsor) as their last name.
From 1951 onwards, King George VI deteriorating state of health, Elizabeth began to replace his father attended the public occasion. That year she has visited GREece, Italy and Malta (Phillips was in the army stationed here). October She also visited Canada and Washington. January 1952 and Elizabeth Phillips also visited Australia and New Zealand. February 6 when they visit Kenya that Elizabeth's father has died. Following the moment of her place in a tree身处hostels. Her coronation ceremony of the June 2, 1953 held in Westminster.
Her career
After the coronation Elizabeth and her husband Philip moved to Buckingham Palace in central London. But like all before the King, Elizabeth does not like living in Buckingham Palace. She, at Windsor Castle west of London is her home. She also has a considerable period of time in Scotland's Balmoral Castle spent.
Queen Elizabeth's visit is the history of the largest monarch. From 1953 to 1954 she and Phillips spent six months traveling around the world, she also became the first visit to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji, the reigning monarch. October 1957 she went to the United States on a state visit in 1959 was a visit to Canada. 1961 her first visit to India and Pakistan. She visited most European countries and many areas outside of Europe, and regular attendance at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.
