3)宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样,宾语从句在句中可以作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
(1)由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在口语和非正式文体中常常省略。例如:
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Louis hopes (that) he will succeed in the coming exam.
I reGREt (that) I did not go to the concert with you yesterday.
但在下列情况下,that一般不可省略:
①that从句被短语、词组等与谓语动词分隔开时。例如:
They told us once again that this would never happen.The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.
②that从句置于句首表示强调时。例如:
That he never did such a thing I simply can't believe.
(2)用who,why,when,which,what,how等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,但应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
①作动词的宾语。例如:I can't imagine what made him do something like that.Do you know why we have put off the sports meet till next month.I wonder when he will come to school.
②作介词的宾语,这时只限于疑问词开头的句子,不能用that连接。William hasn't the least interest in what the chemistry teacher is saying.We felt sorry for what we have done.The decision depends on who will carry it out.All the students laughed at what I told them.
③作非谓语动词的宾语。例如:Knowing that Bob wouldn't come,I invited Henry to go to the party.
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句和选择疑问句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒。例如:I don't know if (whether) he has ever been to Washington.Do you know whether (if) John has finished writing his diary.在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
①在"whether or not..."结构中。例如:Harvard refused to tell me whether or not he has finished writing his composition.
②在介词后面时。例如:It's a question of whether you are fit for the position.
③引导主语从句时。
例如:Whether they will win or lose is all the same to me.
④后接动词不定式时。例如:Can you tell me whether to go or to stay.
⑤引导同位语从句说明名词时。例如:The question whether we should have the meeting must be decided right away.
⑥引导表语从句时。例如:My problem right now is whether I should have someone else take the place of me.
(4)whoever (whomever),whatever,whichever相当于anyone who/whom,anything that,any...that。例如:Hunter gave whoever asked for it,a copy of his latest novel.She gave a present to whoever was present at the evening party.You can have either of the watches.Take whichever you like.前两句中可用anyone who代替whoever,第三句中可用any one that代替whichever。
(5)在某些作表语的形容词(过去分词)后,接that引起的从句作宾语(有的语法书认为是状语从句)。例如:
I'm afraid (that) I have to trouble you this time.
I'm sure (that) all of you will have a good time here.
We are glad that none of you failed in the test.
I'm pleased that most of you are getting along quite well with each other.常用于这种结构的词还有certain,angry,surprised等等。
(6)有时常用it代替宾语从句,把宾语从句置于句末。例如:
He found it necessary that he should learn English well.She has made it clear that Alice hasn't taken any medicine.
(7)在wh型疑问从句中,当wh成分作介词宾语时,介词可置于句末也可置于句首。例如:
He couldn't remember (on which shelf she kept it./which shelf she kept it on.)
第一种为正式用法,第二种为非正式的用法。wh型疑问词除why以外,都可接不定式短语作宾语。例如:
He explained to me how to drive a car(how one should drive a car).When I entered the restaurant,I really didn't know where to put my overcoat(where I should put my overcoat).
(8)在believe,expect,suppose,think等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而把上述动词变为否定式。例如:
I don't think the book is worth reading.
We don't believe that they've finished their homework yet.
I don't suppose he cares,does he.
I don't expect they will have everything ready directly.
(9)直接引语和间接引语。
引述别人的原话叫直接引语,用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。这两种引语都是宾语从句,但直接引语放在引号内,不用连词连接;间接引语不用引号,通常用连接词与主句连接。
①陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。例如:He said,"I'm very glad."He said that he was very glad.
②一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句。例如:He said,"Can you come this afternoon,John."He asked whether John could come that afternoon.
③特殊疑问句变为由who,what,when,where等疑问词引导的宾语从句。例如:
He said,"Where is Mr.Wang."He asked where Mr. Wang was.
注意上述例句中时态、人称代词、时间状语的变化。主句谓语动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词变化如下:一般现在时变为一般过去时;现在进行时变为过去进行时;一般将来时变为过去将来时;现在完成时变为过去完成时;一般过去时变为过去完成时;过去完成时仍为过去完成时。
如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一律不变。例如:
He says,"I cleaned the floor."
He says he cleaned the floor.
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