⒈一词多义。弄清原文的意思,在汉语中选用适当的词语。例如:
Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Albert Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich, where his father opened a business in electrical supplies.
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆城。在他两岁的时候,父母移居慕尼黑。他的父亲在慕尼黑开了一家工厂,生产电气器材。(句中business一词,据有关资料介绍是指factory,而不是store,故译作“工厂”。)
⒉英语名词和介词用得多,汉语动词用得多。
Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past.
从心理方面来说,到了老年,有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是过分地怀念过去。(如译作“对过去的过分怀念”,则不顺。)
⒊英语代词用得多,汉语实词用得多。在一个句子里,英语可以先出代词,后出实词;汉语则先出实词,后出代词。
One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap also, spelled “d-o-l-l” and tried to make me understand that “d-o-l-l” applied to both.
有一天我正在玩一个新娃娃,沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃也放在我腿上,然后写了“d-o-l-l”这几个字母,她是想让我知道“d-o-l-l”既可以指新娃娃,也可以指旧娃娃。(如译作“指二者”,就不顺;如译作“两个都指”,意思既不清楚,句子也压不住。)
If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another.
钻探石油的人如果在一个地方得不到预期的结果,便到另一个地方去钻探。
⒋英语动词有时态,时间概念往往通过时态表现出来:汉语动词没有时态,表示不同的时间,往往需要加时间状语。 It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.
现在回想起来,就仿佛是一场梦,当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天,许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍,他们那样大胆,不知道危险就在眼前,使我们非常吃惊。(译文加了“那一天”。)
⒌英语被动语态用得多,汉语被动式用得少,有时不用被动形式也可以表示被动的含义,有时可以用无主语句。
When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
鲸鱼杀死以后,把鲸脂剥下来熬油,这项工作有的是在船上进行的,有的是在岸上进行的。(不一定译成“鲸鱼被杀死以后”,不用“被”字仍可表示被动的含义。)
GREat sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting” for oil.
在石油“勘探”方面,已经花了大笔的钱,比如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。(原文是被动语态,但未说明谁是施动者。译文用了无主句。)
⒍英语并排用几个名词、动词或形容词时,其排列顺序可能要考虑到词的长短(长的放在后面,这样节奏较好)或分量的轻重(重的放在后面,这样不显得头重脚轻)。汉语除了考虑常用的顺序以外,还常常考虑词的音调。分量的轻重关系不大,常把分量重的词放在前面。
…setting aside big tracts of land where nobody can fish, shoot, hunt, nor harm a single living creature with furs, fins or feathers.
……圈出大片土地,不准钓鱼,不准打鸟,不准打猎,凡是长皮的,长毛的或者长鳃的动物,一概不许伤害。(原文fish, shoot, hunt,由轻到重,feathers最长,放在最后。汉语则“长皮的,长毛的”连下来较顺。
7.英语一般避免重复,代称用得多,不但名词可以用代词来替代,动词、形容词也有相应的词来替代。汉语则不怕重复,实称用得多。
English grammar is very difficult and few writers have avoided making mistakes in it.
英语语法 十分困难,作家很少不犯语法错误的。(译文重复“语法”二字。)
8.英语连词用得多,汉语连词用得少。例如表示条件或原因,汉语不一定用“如果”或“因为”之类的词,意思就包含在上下文里面了。
This film showed how they put aside a thousand acres out West where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them. If they do, they get in jail.
电影演的是他们怎么在西边儿把一千英亩土地划出来,让水牛自由行动,谁也不准开枪打死一只。打死了,就得坐牢。(译文第二句没有用连词,没有用主语,重复了第一句里的“打死”二字。)
9.词的搭配,如形容词与名词的搭配,副词和动词的搭配,主语与谓语的搭配等,英语可以用的搭配,往往不能直接译成汉语,这就需要选择适当的词语,或者改变句子的结构。
The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we proGREss with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.
我们一直在走的这条路表面上很好走,是一条平坦的超级公路,我们可以高速前进,但是走到尽头却要遇到灾难。(原文lies disaster 不能直译,只好改变句子结构,译作“遇到灾难”。)
10.英语常以抽象名词做主语,后面接表示具体动作的动词。这种主谓搭配,在汉语里是很少用的,一般都要改变句子结构。
Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.
几个星期以来,我又气又恨,感到非常苦恼,这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后,我感到浑身无力。
11.英语有些副词和动词的搭配无法直接译过来,可将原文副词的含义译成谓语或分句,放在句末。
So heedful a writer as Henry James, for instance, on occasion wrote so ungrammatically that a schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboy’s essay, would be justly indignant.
就拿亨利·詹姆士来说吧,连他这样细心的作家写的东西,有时也不合语法。要是小学老师在学生的作文里发现那样的错误也会生气,而生气是完全应该的。
12.英语有些副词放在句首,具有丰富的内容,译成汉语可以适当地加以发挥。
Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes……
最理想的情况是,有朝一日研究人员能够对 地震 的成因……有足够的了解。
13.主语的位置。英语往往把目的状语或其他成分放在句首,然后再出主语,主语与动词靠得较近。汉语则往往先出主语。
To protect the whale form the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.
大自然为了保护鲸鱼,使它不致在北冰洋受冻,便让它长了厚厚的一层脂肪,叫做鲸脂。
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