英汉两种语言的主谓搭配,在大多数情况下是相通的。英语里一个主谓搭配,译成汉语后可以保持原来的搭配,但有时却不行,汉译英时也是这样。一般说来,汉语的主谓关系没有英语那么密切。英语对于主语能否作后面的动作考虑较多。因此,译文以什么作主语,怎样和谓语搭配,是一个经常需要斟酌的问题。 为了叙述的方便,这里所说的“主谓搭配”是指主语和谓语动词的搭配。
一.怎样处理无主句?
汉语有些句子没有主语,称为“无主句”。这种句子相当普遍。有时一句话根本没有主语;有时前面一句话有主语,一直管下去,后面几句话就没有主语了;有时后面的动作并不是前面的主语所做的,却没有新的主语出现。虽然如此,句子的意思还是清楚的,不会引起误解。按照同样的句子结构译成英语就不行了。
例1.过去,只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力,没有讲还要通过改革解放生产力,不完全。应该把解放生产力和发展生产力两个讲全了。
In the past, we only stressed expansion of the productive forces under socialism, without mentioning the need to liberate them through reform. That conception was incomplete. Both the liberation and the expansion of the productive forces are essential.
这是一个很典型的例子。从英语的角度考虑,“只讲”前面缺主语,译文加了we作主语。在泛泛而谈的时候,加we是最方便的。接下去,“不完全”前面还缺一个主语,这里再用we就不行了。推敲一下就可以看出,这“不完全”三字指的是上面这种认识或说法,因此译文以That conception为主语。最后,“应该”前面还缺一个主语。既然原文说应把两个方面讲全,译文就以Both the liberation and the expansion of the productive forces作主语,把这两个方面放在突出的位置上,这就是把原文的宾语变为译文的主语了。
例2.所以,能发展就不要阻挡,有条件的地方要尽可能搞快点,只要是讲效益,讲质量,搞外向型经济,就没有什么可以担心的。
Therefore, those areas that are in a position to develop should not be obstructed. Where local conditions permit, development should proceed as fast as possible. There is nothing to worry about so long as we stress efficiency and quality and develop an export-oriented economy.
例3.社会主义的本质,是解放生产力,发展生产力,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到共同富裕。就是要对大家讲这个道理。
The essence of socialism is liberation and development of the productive forces, elimination of exploitation and polarization, and the ultimate achievement of prosperity for all. This concept must be made clear to the people.
例4.这样好嘛,就是要有创造性。
That’s good. Creativity is just what we want.
例5.对改革开放,一开始就有不同意见,这是正常的。
In the beginning opinions were divided about the reform and the open policy. That was normal.
从英语的角度来看,例2“能发展就不要阻挡”需要落实到一个名词上,也就是说这一部分译文需要有个主语。下文紧接着提到“有条件的地方”,因此前面一句用those areas that...为主语就十分恰当了。例3至例5分别以This concept,Creativity和opinions为主语,也就是说都是把原文的宾语用作主语,但谓语部分各不相同,例3用了被动语态,例4和例5都是主动语态,但结构不同。由此可见,即便都是把宾语用作主语,谓语部分也要根据实际需要而定。
二.怎样处理主谓搭配?
有时如果译文照搬原文的主谓搭配会感到很别扭,这就是需要变动一下主语。一种常见的办法是到主语部分中的定语里找一个词来作主语,后面的谓语可能好安排一点。
例6.我国经济发展分三步走,本世纪走两步,达到温饱和小康,下个世纪用三十年到五十年时间再走一步,达到中等发达国家的水平。
China is developing its economy in three steps. Two steps will be taken in this century, to reach the point where our people have adequate food and clothing and lead a fairly comfortable life. The third step, which will take us 30 to 50 years into the next century, is to reach the level of the moderately developed countries.
例7.我国的经济发展,总要力争隔几年上一个台阶。
In developing the economy, we should strive to reach a higher level every few years.
例8. 同时,我们的对外开放采取了多种方式,包括搞经济特区,开放十四个沿海城市。
In the meantime, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 coastal cities.
例9.改革开放以来,我们立的章程并不少,而且是全方位的。经济、政治、科技、教育、文化、军事、外交等各个方面都有明确的方针和政策,而且有准确的表述语言。
Sine we introduced the reform and the open policy, we have drawn up many rules and regulations covering all fields of endeavor. Clear-cut guidelines and policies concerning economic and political affairs, science and technology, education, culture and military and foreign affairs have been worked out and expressed in precise terms.
这四个例子,原文的主语分别是“我国经济发展”、“我国的经济发展”、“我们的对外开放”和“我们立的章程”。译文若保持原文的主语,后面的谓语就很难安排。现在译文用China和we作主语,例9的第二句把宾语变为主语,这样后面的谓语就好安排了。看来,把主语部分中的定语拿出来作主语,不失为一个好办法。
另一个办法是根据上下文来确定或引入一个词语作主语,以与后面的谓语形成较好的搭配,使句子读起来顺畅。
例10.改革开放迈不开步子,不敢闯,说来说去就是怕资本主义的东西多了,走了资本主义道路。要害是姓“资”还是姓“社”的问题。
The reason some people hesitate to carry out the reform and the open policy and dare not break new ground is, in essence, that they’re afraid it would mean introducing too many elements of capitalism and, indeed, taking the capitalist road. The crux of the matter is whether the road is capitalist or socialist.
例11.农业实行多种经营,因地制宜,该种粮食的地方种粮食,该种经济作物的地方种经济作物,不仅粮食大幅度增长,经济作物也大幅度增长。
By diversifying agriculture in accordance with local conditions, the peasants have grown grain and cash crops in places suited to them and have substantially increased the output of both.
例12.社会主义发展生产力,成果是属于人民的。
Under socialism, when the productive forces are developed, the result belongs to the people.
例13.电视一打开,尽是会议。
Every time you turn on the television, you see a meeting being held.
这四个例子,主语都不长,都没有定语,但在译文中保持原文的主谓搭配也是不可能的。从英语的角度看,“改革开放”怎能“迈步子”?“农业”怎能“实行多种经营”?“社会主义”怎能“发展生产力”?“电视”自己也不能“打开”。例10,从上下文看,说的是一部分人的情况,因此译文加了some people作主语,后半句加they作主语也就顺理成章了。第二句“姓‘资’还是姓‘社’”前面缺一个主语。既然前面一句已经提到the capitalist road,第二句译文以the road作主语就很方便了。例11加了the peasants作主语统管全句,和后面的谓语也就容易接上了。例12确定把原文的宾语“生产力”作为主语,后接被动语态。例13引进you作主语统管全句,读起来通顺自然。若一个主语能管到底,中间最好不要换主语,英语非常重视这一点。
例14.不搞争论,是我的一个发明。不争论,是为了争取时间干。一争论就复杂了,把时间都争掉了,什么也干不成。
It was my idea to discourage contention, so as to have more time for action. Once disputes begin, they complicate matters and waste a lot of time. As a result, nothing is accomplished.
此例原文有三句话,译文也是三句,但作了调整。第一句的译文用了引词it作形式主语,后面的动词不定式才是真实主语。第二句译成目的状语,与第一句合并。鉴于第一句已经用了contention一词,第三句译文就用disputes作主语了。此例还有一点值得注意。“争论”一词在原文里出现三次,译文却只用了一个contention,一个disputes,避免了重复。
例15.基本路线要管一百年,动摇不得。
We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years, with no vacillation.
最后这个例子最精彩。若在译文里保持“基本路线”作主语,要为谓语动词“管”字在英语里找一个对应词可就太难了。万般无奈,只好重新组织句子。结果就是现在这个译文。译者引入we作主语,动词也作相应的调整,用adhere to,把the basic line作宾语。前边的we把后边的with no vacillation也管住了。这句译文既简单,又流畅,实在太妙了。