The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the “how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the “how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.
There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.
1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that .
A. generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism
B. importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing
C. concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewing
D. personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews
2. Much research has been done on interviews in general .
A. so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened
B. though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attention
C. but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected
D. and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing
3. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview, .
A. but most of them wish to stay away from it
B. and many of them hope to be interviewed some day
C. and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it
D. but most of them may not have been interviewed in person
4. Who is the interviewee in a clinical interview?
A. The patient
B. The physician
C. The journalist
D. The psychologist
5. The passage is most likely a part of .
A. a news article
B. a journalistic interview
C. a research report
D. a preface
Passage 2
Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tubefeet(棘皮动物的管足), under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.
Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-color and early white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped-hence their name-and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.
Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become motionless and live at a low metabolic rate-feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.
But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself when it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.
6. The passage mainly discusses .
A. the reason for the sea cucumber's name
B. what makes the sea cucumber unusual
C. how to identify the sea cucumber
D. places where the sea cucumber can be
7. According to the passage, the shape of sea cucumbers is important because .
A. its helps them to digest their food
B. it helps them to protect themselves from danger
C. it makes it easier for them to move through the mud
D. it makes them attractive to fish
8. The fourth paragraph of the passage mainly discusses .
A. the reproduction of sea cucumbers
B. the food sources of sea cucumbers
C. the eating habits of sea cucumbers
D. threats to sea cucumbers' existence
9. Of all the features of the sea cucumber, which of the following seems to fascinate the author most?
A. What it does when threatened
B. Where it lives
C. How it hides from predators
D. What it eats
10. Compared with other sea creatures the sea cucumber is very .
A. dangerous
B. intelligent
C. fat
D. strange
Passage 3
A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage. Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals. If we encounter a dangerous wild animal - a poisonous snake or a wild cat - we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal man - indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man - human rage becomes more comprehensible.
In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using the words “us and them". “Our" side is perpetually trying to do down the “other" side. In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack. The opposition of “us" and “them" is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic" politics. Although there are no very serious consequences to many of these modern psychological representations of the “us and them" emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.
The readiness with which humans allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us and them" blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself. The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the Pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin. The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a GREater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until the combatants become exhausted.
11. A suitable title for this passage would be .
A. Why Human Armies Are Formed
B. Man's Anger Against Rage
C. The Human Capacity for Rage
D. Early Struggles of Angry Man
12. According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is .
A. its lengthy and complex development
B. a conflict such as is now going on in Northern Ireland
C. that we do not fly into a temper more often
D. that we reserve anger for mankind
13. The passage suggests that .
A. historically, we have created an “us" versus “them" society
B. humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal grouping
C. the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided domination
D. the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time
14. From the passage we can infer that .
A. the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happens
B. games are psychologically unhealthy
C. any artificially created subspecies would be our enemy
D. the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities
15. The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is .
A. founded in historical fact
B. deceptive
C. apparent
D. probably accurate
Passage 4
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessiviely, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.
16. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because .
A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses
B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge
C. it is essential to personal freedom in American society
D. wrong decisions could lead to poor health
17. To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) most probably means .
A. to “live an inactive life”
B. to “live a decent life”
C. to “live a life with complete freedom”
D. to “live a life of vice”
18. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because .
A. current medical knowledge is still insufficient
B. there are many factors influencing our decisions
C. few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life
D. people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends
19. To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to .
A. improving the quality of one's life
B. limiting one's personal health choice
C. deliberately ending one's life
D. breaking the rules of social behavior
20. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on .
A. personal decisions
B. society's laws
C. statistical evidence
D. friends' opinions
Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C） and D）. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
21. Success in money-making is not always a good of real success in life.
A. essence
B. qualification
C. decree
D. criterion
22. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of love.
A. extravagant
B. prominent
C. eternal
D. sincere
23. This is a complete for enforcing the new welfare regulations.
A. legislation
B. blueprint
C. lease
D. penalty
24. The policeman tried to the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.
A. induce
B. perplex
C. indulge
D. lure
25. Because of this our experiences seem to , and thereby strengthen our self-images, and a vicious or beneficent cycle, as the case may be, is set up.
A. verify
B. clasp
C. cling
D. stain
26. With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its .
A. boundaries
B. limitations
C. confinements
D. restraints
27. He kept making remarks instead of straight forward yes-or-no replies.
A. opaque
B. ambiguous
C. doubtful
D. oriental
28. The managing director took the for the accident, although it was not really his fault.
A. guilt
B. claim
C. blame
D. accusation
29. It was generally believed that some Tibetan Lamas have the ability to call some ghosts back to life.
A. miraculous
B. magical
C. multiple
D. supernatural
30. I'm afraid that the tape you lent me yesterday was . Because it doesn't give any sound.
A. empty
B. vacant
C. hollow
D. blank
31. Diplomatic misunderstandings can often be traced back to in translation. So we have to train qualified translators.
A. attempts
B. arguments
C. blunders
D. insults
32. Could you all the worthwhile information in the book into a few pages?
A. collect
B. condense
C. combine
D. convert
33. Years of practice had made Steve in playing the flute.
A. proficient
B. efficient
C. profitable
D. sufficient
34. The survival of some wild animals is not as high as it was, because they're ruthlessly hunted for their skins.
A. deGREe
B. ration
C. rate
D. scale
35. The artist an interesting picture by putting the variously - colored shapes together.
A. composed
B. designed
C. invented
D. created
36. After a careful consideration, Helen Married John without her parents' .
A. command
B. consent
C. conviction
D. compromise
37. Are you sure that the minister's statement that of the president?
A. foresaw
B. terminated
C. preceded
D. before
38. A foreman's job is to the men while they work, to see that they do the job properly and don't waste time.
A. supervise
B. suppress
C. supplement
D. spy
39. The statue would be perfect but for a few small in its base.
A. mistakes
B. flaws
C. errors
D. weakness
40. I can't conceive your allowing the child to travel alone.
A. about
B. as
C. to
D. of
41. You must yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.
A. promote
B. strengthen
C. assert
D. assess
42. Once the books are secured in its destination, it's comparatively simple matter to them.
A. spread
B. circulate
C. disperse
D. dissipate
43. In the long run, it is bound to deepen the eventual economic .
A. collapse
B. damage
C. demolish
D. destroy
44. In face of the violent storm, the army as well as the Red cross were fully .
A. mobilized
B. mobile
C. alert
D. nimble
45. A friendship may be , casual, situational or deep and lasting.
A. identical
B. original
C. critical
D. superficial
46. I have something important to talk over with you, can you to be here at 8 o'clock?
A. contrive
B. contradict
C. manipulate
D. assume
47. It is interesting that whenever anything happens, a crowd of people is certain to gather.
A. famous
B. noted
C. sensational
D. alarming
48. When he spoke, she had an unpleasant into what life would be like as his wife.
A. insight
B. inspiration
C. instinct
D. installment
49. My eyes soon themselves to seeing objects in the darkness.
A. acknowledged
B. conformed
C. acquainted
D. accommodated
50. Mankind with physical architecture, and is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in which the human being is a component.
A. does its best
B. makes an effort
C. does something
D. takes GREat pains
Part IV Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.
One of the advantages of taking notes is that it forces you to pay closer attention to the class lecture. If you listen 51 to a professor who is talking on and on for an hour or so, your mind will often 52 and your attention lessen. You are sitting in class and listening, but that 53 you are doing, 54 , when you listen actively you have to pay more careful and 55 attention to what 56 .
This is because you are trying to 57 what you hear into an 58 shortened written form. As a foreign student, you may find 59 very difficultto listen and write notes 60 at the same time. It is difficult 61 , but you will learn how to do 62 with practice. You 63 afraid you will forget what you are listening to 64 you are listening and writing at the same time, but the studies of researchers 65 the value of notetaking in 66 lecture material have shown that learners remember information 67 have reproduced in some note form much better than lecture information they have listened to 68 did not take down in note form. So doing two things at the same time is better than doing one thing 69 . We do not say it is 70 ; we say it is better.
51.
A. carefully
B. attentively
C. passively
D. permanently
52.
A. wonder
B. wander
C. widen
D. concentrate
53.
A. may
B. must be what
C. may be that
D. may be all
54.
A. moreover
B. furthermore
C. consequently
D. however
55.
A. constant
B. regular
C. temporary
D. continual
56.
A. he said
B. is being said
C. was on
D. is talking
57.
A. transform
B. transfer
C. transmit
D. transport
58.
A. understanding
B. undertook
C. understandable
D. underlined
59.
A. some
B. which
C. that
D. it
60.
A. in foreign
B. in particular
C. in English
D. in haste
61.
A. after all
B. may be
C. at first
D. at last
62.
A. so
B. such
C. then
D. after
63.
A. possibly are
B. may be
C. perhaps are
D. needn't be
64.
A. even though
B. as if
C. although
D. because
65.
A. with
B. around
C. upon
D. out
66.
A. learning
B. listening to
C. scanning
D. understanding
67.
A. that
B. they
C. who
D. which
68.
A. but
B. however
C. nevertheless
D. otherwise69.
A. for a time
B. at a time
C. for some time
D. in a time
70.
A. good
B. more difficult
C. easier
D. efficient
答案：
1.分析与解答：第一段开头第一句话便引入主题，故应选B。
2.分析与解答：根据文章第二段第四句话，选C。
3.分析与解答：参见第二段中间部分，选D。
4.分析与解答：interviewee指的是被接见者，被采访者。故应选A。
5.分析与解答：根据文章最后一句可推断这是一篇前言，故选D。
6.分析与解答：主题题，应把握全文选B。
7.分析与解答：根据第三段第三句话，选B
8.分析与解答：第四段主要写海参的“appetites”，故选C。
9.分析与解答：见第五段第一句话，应选A。
10.分析与解答：见第一段第三句话，应选D
11.分析与解答：主旨题，首句点题，应选C。
12.分析与解答：见第一段第二句话，和第五句话，选D。
13.分析与解答：见第二段段首，选A
14.分析与解答：见第一段最后一句话，选D
15.分析与解答：见最后一段第四句话，答案为B。
16.分析与解答：答案为D，推理题。根据本文第二句话：“An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge”，可以得知，不正确的个人选择会导致疾病的发生，而A和B在文章中未提及，C与本文无关，故D)是惟一正确选择。
17.分析与解答：答案为A，词汇题。从上下文便可以判断出该短语的意思。文中提到的“live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise”就暗示出“sedentary life-style”与exercise是矛盾的，由此就可以断定A最贴近原短语的意思，为正确答案。
18.分析与解答：答案为B，细节题。根据最后一段的第一句话及第一段第二句，很显然A与文中的内容不符；尽管D是一个原因但不全面，只有B才是正确、全面的原因。而C中所述文中未提及，故C是错误答案。
19.分析与解答：答案为C，细节题。在第二段中作者指出：Fries和Crapo通过比喻的方式指出“…to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide”，可见C为正确答案。
20.分析与解答：答案为C，推理题。根据文章最后两句话，不难看出；Fries和Crapo认为，采取有统计数据显示可能缩短寿命的行为无异于自杀，而有利于健康的选择应是那些有统计数据显示可以提高生命力和延长寿命的行为，所以，哪些是有利于健康的行为，这要根据统计数据而定。因此只有C是正确的，而其他选择项则未提及。
21.分析与解答：语境题，答案为D. criterion，意思是判断的标准，衡量某事物之价值的准则。在句中的意思是“衡量真正的成功的标准”。其他词义分别为：A精华，B资格，C法令。
22.分析与解答：因果参照题，逗号前的句子对空格进行了限制，因为圆圈无始无终，结婚戒指就是永恒的爱的象征。所以应选C。eternal永恒的，即无始无终的。
23.分析与解答：同现题，空格处的词应与“new”相呼应，所以选B. blueprint意为蓝图、计划、方案。
24.分析与解答：空格处的词应与“fine him directly”相对应，(因为有rather than)所以应选A. induce(诱导)，其他词意分别为：B使迷惑，C纵容，D引诱。
25.分析与解答：语境题。全句意思是因此，我们的经历好象证实既而加强了我们的自身形象，一个良性或恶性循环也就因此形成了。与strengthen相呼应的词应该是A. verify(核对，证明)。
26.分析与解答：反义参照题，与“advantages”相对的词应是B limitations。
27.分析与解答：反义参照题，与“straight forward yes-or-no replies”相对的词应是B模棱两可的。
28.分析与解答：全句意思是：这个常务董事把事故责任揽到了自己身上，虽然那并非是他的错误。答案为C. take the blame为固定搭配。
29.分析与解答：释义参照题，能够“call some ghosts back to life”的能力应该是“miracul-ous”(不可思议的)的，所以选A。
30.分析与解答：因果参照题,因为磁带没有声音，所以可推知带子是“空白”的，答案应为D. blank. A. empty 空的 (nothing inside) B. vacant 空缺的 C. hollow，中空的。
31.分析与解答：全句意思是：外交上的误会经常是由于翻译上的错误引起的，所以我们必须培养优秀的译员，根据语境，特别是第二句话，应选C。
32.分析与解答：句意是你能把书中所有有价值的信息压缩成几页吗?根据句意应选择B，浓缩。
33.分析与解答：句意是，多年的练习使史蒂夫精通演奏长笛。答案为A精通，其他词意为：B有效率的，C盈利的，D充足的。
34.分析与解答：成活率的表达应用“rate”，其他词义分别为A度 B配给 D尺度。
35.分析与解答：同现题，by所引导的短语对空格处的词进行了限制，把各种不同形状不同颜色的东西放到一起是“compose(构成)”，而不是“design(设计)”或“invent(发明)”，所以选择A。
36.分析与解答：全句意为：经过谨慎思考，海伦没有征得父母同意就与约翰结了婚，答案为B. “consent”，赞成，同意，其他词义为A命令，C确信，D妥协。
37.分析与解答：语境题，语意是：你确信总理的讲话是在总统前面吗?答案为C在......之前。
38.分析与解答：释义参照题。第二个to所引导的词组对空格进行限制，故答案应为A supervise(监督、管理)。
39.分析与解答：由“but for”可推断此题为转折参照题，与“perfect statue”相对应的应该是B 瑕疵，而不是错误(A、C)或弱点(D)。
40.分析与解答：答案为D“conceive of”为固定搭配，意思是想象。
41.分析与解答：反义参照题，or前后相对应，答案为C. assert oneself是固定词组，意思是表现自己的权威与自信，与“or”后引导的“他们会继续欺侮你”对应。
42.分析与解答：根据句子含义，图书的传播应该用B. circulate(传播，流通，循环)，而不是 disperse(驱散)或dissipate(驱散；挥霍，浪费)。
43.分析与解答：四个词意分别为A. 崩溃、瓦解，B. 损害，损毁，C. 拆除，破坏，D. 毁灭，破灭。根据句意，经济崩溃应选择A来表达。
44.分析与解答：四个词意分别为A. 动员，B. 易动的，C. 警惕的，D. 敏捷的，根据句意，部队和红十字会应该被充分动员起来，所以选A。
45.分析与解答：反义对比题，与deep相对应的应该是D. superficial 肤浅的，表面的。
46.分析与解答：答案为A. contrive to do sth意思是想办法做某事。
47.分析与解答：这是一道语境题，答案为C. sensational，意思是轰动的，耸人听闻的。
48.分析与解答：与“would be like”相对应的应该是“insight”(觉察，领悟)，全句意思是：当他说话时，她突然领悟到嫁给他的生活将多么令人不快。
49.分析与解答：根据句意：我的眼睛很快就适应了在黑暗中看东西。应选D. accommodate to意思是使适应的意思。
50.分析与解答：答案为D?take GREat pains是固定词组，意思是费尽心机，煞费苦心。
51.分析与解答：正确答案为C。
52.分析与解答：正确答案为B。
53.分析与解答：正确答案为D。
54.分析与解答：正确答案为D。
55.分析与解答：正确答案为A。
56.分析与解答：正确答案为B。
57.分析与解答：正确答案为A。
58.分析与解答：正确答案为C。
59.分析与解答：正确答案为D。
60.分析与解答：正确答案为C。
61.分析与解答：正确答案为C。
62.分析与解答：正确答案为A。
63.分析与解答：正确答案为B。
64.分析与解答：正确答案为D。
65.分析与解答：正确答案为A。
66.分析与解答：正确答案为B。
67.分析与解答：正确答案为B。
68.分析与解答：正确答案为A。
69.分析与解答：正确答案为B。
70.分析与解答：正确答案为C。
