1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to……
该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that……
该柱状图展示了……
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding……
该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows （that）……
该图向我们展示了……
5.the pie graph depicts （that）……
该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of……
这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show （that）……
数据（字）表明……
8.the tree diagram reveals how……
该树型图向我们揭示了如何……
9.the data/statistics show （that）……
该数据（字）可以这样理解……
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that……
这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table……
如图所示……
12.according to the chart/figures……
根据这些表（数字）……
13.as is shown in the table……
如表格所示……
14.as can be seen from the diagram，GREat changes have taken place in……
从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that……
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到……
16.this is a graph which illustrates……
这个图表向我们展示了……
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b from……to……
该表格描述了……年到……年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in……
该图以圆形图形式描述了……总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing……
这是个柱型图，描述了……
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of……
如图所示，两条曲线描述了……的波动情况。
21.over the period from……to……the……remained level.
在……至……期间，……基本不变。
22.in the year between……and……
在……年到……期间……
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998……
1995年至1998三年里……
24.from then on/from this time onwards……
从那时起……
25.the number of……remained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。
……月（年）至……月（年）……的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to……
数字急剧上升至……
27.the percentage of……stayed the same between……and……
……至……期间……的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at……in（month/year）
……的数目在……月（年）达到顶点，为……
29.the percentage remained steady at……
比率维持在……
30.the percentage of……is sightly larger/smaller than that of……
……的比例比……的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a GREat deal of difference between……and……
……与……的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of……
该图表表明……的数目增长了三倍。
33……decreased year by year while……increased steadily.
……逐年减少，而……逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of[%].
……的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为……百分点。
35.the figures/situation bottomed out in……
数字（情况）在……达到底部。
36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.
数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。
37.a is ……times as much/many as b.
a是b的……倍。
38.a increased by……
a增长了……
39.a increased to……
a增长到……
40.high/low/GREat/small/ percentage.
比低高（低）
41.there is an upward trend in the number of……
……数字呈上升趋势。
42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred from……to……
……到……发生急剧上升。
43.from……to……the rate of decrease slow down.
从……到……，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the……，reaching a figure of……
从这年起，……逐渐下降至……
45.be similar to……
与……相似
46.be the same as……
与……相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between……and……
……与……之间有许多相似（不同）之处
48.a has something in common with b
a于b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in……
a与b之间的差别在于……
50……（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in……
……年……急剧上升。
第二部分：写作常识
一、图形种类及概述法：
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart/histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart/curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart/sequence diagram
程序图：processing/procedures diagram
以下是一些较常用的描述用法
The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that）
According to the table/chart diagram/graph
As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph
As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，
figures/statistics shows （that）……
It can be seen from the figures/statistics
We can see from the figures/statistics
It is clear from the figures/statistics
It is apparent from the figures/statistics
table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） ……
table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how
二、data的具体表达法
data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time
在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time
持续变化的data在不同情况下：
增加：increase/raise/rise/go up ……
减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall ……
波动：fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave ……
稳定：remain stable/stabilize/level off ……
最常用的两种表达法：
动词 + 副词形式（Verb+Adverb form）
形容词 + 名词形式（Adjective+Noun form）
1. Verb+Adverb form
The number of XXX
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuate……
+insignificantly/significantly/slightly/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/steadily/gradually/slowly……
+from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
2. Adjective+Noun form
There was a （very） sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight
+increase/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation （注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation）
+in the number of XXX from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
描述稳定的data：
The number of XXX remained steady/stable from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
The number of XXX stayed the same from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
There was little change/hardly any change/no change in the number of XXX from from （第一时间） to （第二时间）/between （第一时间） and （第二时间）
描述不同状态的data
Noun form：
steady drop/sharp rise peak/dramatic fall/sharp drop
Verbal form：
（to） bottom out/（to） reach the bottom/（to） increase gradually/（to） reach a plateau/（to） remain steady
描述the highest point以及the lowest point
高点极值：
The monthly profit/The figures/The situation ……
+peaked in （月份/年） <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX%/XXX（极点data）
或者reached a peak/a high point at XXX%/XXX（极点data）
低点极值：
XXX bottomed out/reached
+rock/the bottom/a low point
或者hit a trough
此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列： as well as（句首/中）， also， as well（句尾）， either， neither， too， moreover， furthermore， in addition， additionally， besides， what\'s more， apart from ……
举例： for example， for instance， to illustrate， as an illustration， in particular， particularly， especially
事实： as a matter of fact， in fact， actually， as long as， so long as ……
雷同/近似：similarly， likewise（句首/尾）， at the same time， equally ……
转折： however， whereas， nevertheless， nonetheless， though， although， even though， while， yet， on the contrary， contrarily， in contrast， conversely， on the other hand， unlikely， in stead （of）， in spite of， despite of ……
原因与结果
1. cause-suggestion （几乎不常用）
since/now that ……； I hope that……
because of/on account of/owing to/thanks to + （doing） sth， I hope that……
2. cause-effect （较常用）
XXX lead to/bring about/result in/ account for ……
（一个句子）， therefore/thus/hence/as a result/consequently/（and） so ……
3. effect-cause （较常用）
XXX be caused by/result from/be the result of/be the effect of/be the consequence of ……
（一个句子）， because ……
it is adj. that ……
it is unimaginable that ……
it is undeniable that ……
it is interesting to discover that ……
三、其它相关常用词（组）
1. 主章开头
图表类型：table； chart； diagram； graph； column chart； pie graph
描述：show； describe； illustrate； can be seen from； clear； apparent； reveal； represent
内容：figure； statistic； number； percentage； proportion
2. 表示数据
一般：have 10%； at 10%； over 10%
最高（低）点：peaked； reached a peak/high point
bottomed out； reached the bottom
变化：recover 略有回升； increase； jump； rise/rose； climb
decrease； fall/fell； drop； decline； reduce
fluctuate 浮动，摇摆不定
remained steady/stable； stay the same； little/hardly any /no change
变化程度：sudden/suddenly 突然的，意外的
rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的
dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的
significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，重要的
sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的
steep/steeply 急剧升降的
steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的
gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的
slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的
slight/slightly轻微的、略微地
stable/stably 稳定的
表示范围：from XXX to XXX； between XXX and XXX； for XXX to XXX多长时间直到
表示程度：almost adv. 几乎，差不多
nearly adv. 几乎，密切地
approximately adv. 近似的，大约
about adv. 附近， 大约，转向，左右，周围
just over 刚超过
over adv. 结束，越过，从头到尾
exactly adv. 正确地，严密地
precisely adv. 正好 精确地；清晰地
比例：20 per cent 20%
one in three 1/3
one out of every four 1/4
3. 其它在描述中的常用到的词
significant changes 图中一些较大变化
noticeable trend 明显趋势
during the same period 在同一时期
grow/GREw 增长
distribute 分布，区别
unequally 不相等地
pronounced 明显的
average 平均
no doubt 无疑地
corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的
represent vt. 阐述，表现
overall 总体上讲
except 除外
in the case of adv. 在……的情况下
in terms of/in respect of/regarding 在……方面
in contrast 相反，大不相同
in conclusion adv. 最后，总之
in comparison 相比之下
inversely adv. 相反地，倒转地
in general 通常，大体上，一般而言
range from
excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，额外
lower v.降低，跌落
elapse vi.（时间）过去，消逝
category n.种类
government policy 政府政策
market forces 市场规率
measure n. 尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节
forecast n. 先见，预见 v. 预测
第三部分：段首和结尾填空式写法
段首句：
（一）对立观点命题形式的首句：
1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B ， while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally， I stand on the side of A .
2. Some people say A ， other people argue B . In a word ， _____. But I cannot aGREe this point of view for many reasons.
3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A ， some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally ， I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
4. From my point of view ， it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A ， I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
6. In general ， I prefer to _____ .
7. As far as I am concerned ， I would like to prefer _____ .
8. When it comes to _____ ， most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
9. When asked about _____ ， the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
10. At the risk of address the issue too direct ， I prefer A because I think that _____ .
11. When asked about _____ ， many people give their opinions that _____ ， but other people may see _____ differently .
12. When faced with _____ ， quite a few would claim that _____ ， but others ， in contrast ， deem _____ as _____ .
13. When inquired about _____ ， the vast majority of people would like to _____ ， but other people ， who hold an opposite view ， consider _____ as _____ .
14. When _____ is mentioned _____ ， most people believe that _____ ， but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ ， I would like to prefer _____ .
（二）单一观点式
A . AGREe
1. One of the GREatest writers once said that _____ . Now ， it still has its significant realistic values .
2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
4. I totally aGREe with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below .
5. After pondering this question on many occasions ， I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
6. my arguments for point are listed as follows.
7. I aGREe with the above statement because _____ .
8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society .
9. I aGREe with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ .
10. Thinking logically ， I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ .
11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned ， I aGREe that _____ .
13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However ， many others disaGREe with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
14. Recently ， it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ .
15. Recently ， there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ ， on the other hand ， argue that _____ .
16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ ， on the other hand ， claim that _____ .
B . DisaGREe
1. Until recently ， _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
2. Recently ， we often hear about _____ . But is it ？
3. These days ， it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ？
4. I feel such an attitude is negative ， and that it can bring _____.
5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank ， I cannot aGREe with them for the flowing reasons .
6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ ， I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ ， I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination .
8. In the nationwide ， discussion ， many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ ， but I _____ .
10. Until recently ， _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
11. Some people think that _____ ， but I disaGREe with this opinion for numerous reasons ， as presented below .
12. Now ， it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ .
13. Now ， it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because ， in my point of view ， I believe _____ .
15. As a matter of fact ， I support that _____ ， but I cannot aGREe with the title statement .
16. Nowadays ， it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
结尾句：
1. Taking into account of all these factors ， we may reach the conclusion that _____ .
2. All reliable evidences point to one saying ， that is _____ .
3. For the reasons presented above ， I strongly commit to the notion that _____ .
4. While it is true that _____ ， I think that _____ .
5. Given the factors I have just outlined ， I can only say that _____ .
6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ ， it is _____ .
7. Therefore ， it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ .
8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ .
9. To put all into a nutshell ， I _____ .
10. In a word ， I support the statement that it is better to _____ because
第四部分：起始和扩展段落的句式
1.起始段首句常用句式
A proverb says：…… 有句谚语说：……
As the proverb says：…… 如谚语说：……
Everybody knows that…… 每个人都知道……
Generally speaking…… 一般说来……
It can be easily proved that…… 很容易证明……
It goes without saying that…… 不用说……
It is quite clear that……because…… 很明显……，因为……
It is often said that…… 人们常说……
Many people often ask this question：…… 许多人常问这个问题：……
It is ture that…… ……是真实的
No one can deny that…… 谁也不能否认……
One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…… 与上述同样重要的一件事是……
The chief reason why…… 为什么……的主要原因是……
We must recognize that…… 我们必须承认……
There is no doubt that…… 无疑……
I\'\'m of the opinion that…… 我认为……
In my point of view…… 在我看来……
This can be expressed as follows…… 这可以从以下几点说明……
The reasons are presented below…… 原因例举如下……
To take…… for an example…… 以……为例……
Therefore we should realize that…… 因此我们应该了解……
We have reasons to believe that…… 我们有理由相信……
Now that we know that…… 既然我们知道……
What is more serious is that…… 更严重的是……
Anyway，I aGREe with the idea of…… 不管怎样，我同意……
I side with the latter opinion…… 我同意后一个观点……
2.推展段首句常用句式
Another special consideration in this case is that…… 对这个问题的另一考虑是……
Besides，we should not neglect that…… 除此之外，我们还不能忽视……
But it is a pity that…… 但遗憾的是……
But the problem is not so simple，therefore…… 然而问题并非如此简单，因此……
However，…… 然而……
Others may find this to be ture，but I do not，I believe that…… 在别人看来可能是对的，但我个人并不认为如此，我认为……
On the other hand，…… 另一方面……
Perhaps you\'\'ll question why…… 也许你会问为什么……
There is certain amount of truth in this，but we still have a problem…… 尽管大量事实如此，但我们还有一个疑问……
Though we are in basic aGREement with…… 虽然基本上我们同意……
What seems to be the trouble is…… 似乎困难是在……
Yet difference will be found，what is why I feel that…… 然而其中仍有差别，这也正是我们为什么认为……
So long as you regard this as reasonable，you may…… 只要你认为这合理，你就可以……
……should be put in the first place. ……应放在首要位置
Next，another factor we must consider is that…… 接下来，我们必须考虑的另一因素是……
The main reason that can be seen by everyone is that…… 每个人都注意到，最主要的原因是……
What is also with noticing is that…… 另一个值得注意的是……
3.结尾段首句常用句式
In a word…… 总而言之……
In conclusion…… 由此得出结论……
On account of this we can find that…… 由此我们可以知道……
The result is depend on…… 结果视……而定
Therefore，the findings reveal the following information…… 因此，这些发现揭示了以下信息……
Thus，this is the reason why we must…… 因此，这就是我们为什么必须……
To sum up…… 总而言之……
第五部分：写作常用词汇及词组
表层进
first， firstly to begin with
second， secondly to start with
third， thirdly what\'s more
also and then
and equally important
besides in addition
further in the first place
still furthermore
last last but not the least
next besides
too moreover
finally
表举例
for example for instance
to illustrate as an illustration
after all
表解释
as a matter of fact frankly speaking
in this case namely
in other words
表总结
in summary in a word
in brief in conclusion
to conclude in fact
indeed in short
in other words of course
it is true specially
namely in all
that is to summarize
thus as has been said
altogether in other words
finally in simpler terms
in particular that is
on the whole to put it differently
therefore
表强调
of course indeed
above all most important
emphasis certainly in fact
表让步
still nevertheless
in spite of all the same
even so after all
concession granted naturally
of course
表比较
in comparison likewise
similarly equally
however likewise
in the same way
表转折
by contrast although
at the same time but
in contrast nevertheless
notwithstanding on the contrary
on the other hand otherwise
regardless still
though yet
despite the fact that even so
even though for all that
however in spite of
instead
表时间
after a while afterward
again also
and then as long as
at last at length
at that time before
besides earlier
eventually finally
formerly further
furthermore in addition
in the first place in the past
last lately
meanwhile moreover
next now
presently second
shortly simultaneously
since so far
soon still
subsequently then
thereafter too
until until now
when
英语写作常用词汇及词组
表层进
first， firstly to begin with
second， secondly to start with
third， thirdly what\'s more
also and then
and equally important
besides in addition
further in the first place
still furthermore
last last but not the least
next besides
too moreover
finally
表举例
for example for instance
to illustrate as an illustration
after all
表解释
as a matter of fact frankly speaking
in this case namely
in other words
表总结
in summary in a word
in brief in conclusion
to conclude in fact
indeed in short
in other words of course
it is true specially
namely in all
that is to summarize
thus as has been said
altogether in other words
finally in simpler terms
in particular that is
on the whole to put it differently
therefore
表强调
of course indeed
above all most important
emphasis certainly in fact
表让步
still nevertheless
in spite of all the same
even so after all
concession granted naturally
of course
表比较
in comparison likewise
similarly equally
however likewise
in the same way
表转折
by contrast although
at the same time but
in contrast nevertheless
notwithstanding on the contrary
on the other hand otherwise
regardless still
though yet
despite the fact that even so
even though for all that
however in spite of
instead
表时间
after a while afterward
again also
and then as long as
at last at length
at that time before
besides earlier
eventually finally
formerly further
furthermore in addition
in the first place in the past
last lately
meanwhile moreover
next now
presently second
shortly simultaneously
since so far
soon still
subsequently then
thereafter too
until until now
when
